The history of the development of Lishu, what is the origin and development of Lishu?

The origin of the official book:

According to legend, it is said to be the end of Qin Cheng Miao.

In prison, he sorted out, simplified the complex, changed the shape of the characters to be round and square, and changed the strokes to straight. Change "Connecting Strokes" to "Broken Strokes", from lines to strokes, which is more convenient for writing. "Liren" is not a prisoner, but refers to "Xu Official", that is, a small official in charge of documents, so in ancient times Lishu was called "Zuoshu".

At the same time, the calligraphy was derived from cursive, regular script, and line script, laying the foundation for art.

Lishu is basically evolved from the seal script, mainly changing the round strokes of the seal script to square folding, because it is difficult to draw the round strokes with lacquer writing on the wooden tablet, so the writing speed of the official script is faster.

Development of Lishu:

Libian is a major calligraphy cultural event in the history of Chinese calligraphy. The internal motivation for the change was to adapt to the requirements of social development at that time for the use of words. "The subordination change is mainly manifested in two aspects:

The first is the change of the glyph structure, which is not only the transformation of the glyph structure of the regular seal script, but also the main direction of this transformation is simplification; The second is the change in the way of writing, which is not only to change the original way of writing in the traditional seal script, but also to make it simple and convenient."

The simplification of the glyph structure and the simple flow of the writing method form the core content of the subordination process. Here, the simplification of the glyph structure and the simplicity of the writing method are not only for the improvement of the writing speed, but also because it contains the internal writing movement situation that is more in line with the physiological movement trajectory of people, so that the official script is in the Qin and Han dynasties.

At the turn of the century, with the change of politics, it eventually completely replaced the seal script and gained universal use.

Structural features of Lishu:

1. The glyph is flat and the left and right sides are divided into the word Li, and the word is reversed.

The normal state of longitudinal momentum, but changed to horizontal (left and right) momentum, resulting in the glyph is still flattened, and the strokes shrink the longitudinal gesture and strengthen the horizontal expansion.

2. This is a typical feature of the pen with the pen of the silkworm head and the swallowtail of the pen, especially the main pen horizontal and painting in the official character are almost all used in this method. The so-called "silkworm head", that is, in the process of using the pen to hide (reverse) the front, and at the same time the process of starting the pen.

The shape of the resulting strokes is written in a shape similar to that of a silkworm's head. "Closing the pen swallowtail", that is, pressing the pen at the closing place to the upper right obliquely to pick the pen forward.

3. Turning the circle into a square and the arc into a straight are the two basic ways to simplify the seal script in the official book. However, if you don't understand the circle of the seal script, it is not easy to grasp the square of the official script. Because the straight drawing or square fold in the official pen also contains the arc of the seal character, so the straight of the official pen often has obvious fluctuations, full of vitality.

In fact, the brushwork of Lishu is based on the way the strokes move.

According to the unearthed slips, the official book was founded in the Qin Dynasty, the legend is that Cheng Miao was subordinate, the Han Dynasty reached its peak in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the upper inheritance of the seal book tradition, the lower opening of the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the calligraphy of later generations has a non-negligible influence, the calligraphy industry has the "Han Li Tang Kai" said.

Introduction: The economy of the Han Dynasty was relatively prosperous, the culture was also more developed, due to the requirements of frequent use of writing, the official book has been valued, the following will be introduced by me to the historical background of the development of the official book, welcome to read and understand!

It was produced in the Qin Dynasty and flourished in the Han Dynasty. The shape of the Lishu of the Qin Dynasty, we can only get a glimpse from the unearthed cultural relics, such as Qin Quan, measuring vessels, and edicts, and its knots are still rectangular like the seal text, and the size is relatively free and unrestricted, so the Qin Lishu people are also called the ancient Lishu. "Gan's Family Motto" says:

In May of the second year of the emperor's opening, the people of Chang'an dug up the power of Qin Shitie, and there were two lines of copper engraved inscriptions next to it, and its book was also an ancient li. Wu Qiu Yan also said in the "Seven Arguments of the Origin of Words": "Qin Lishu is not for posture, that is, Qin is engraved on the weight.

Another example is the more than 1,000 bamboo slips unearthed in December 1975 in the Qin tomb of Yunmeng Sleeping Tiger in Hubei, which is a very typical Qin Li.

In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, the official book still used the Qin Li, and from the bronze and simple plates left over from the Western Han Dynasty, it was roughly similar to the Qin power edict plate. From the beginning of the Xinmang period, Lishu underwent a major evolution, producing a stippling wave tail on the font, which was obviously different from the Lishu without stippling wave tail in the early Western Han Dynasty, thus marking that Lishu had entered a mature stage. In the middle of the Eastern Han Dynasty, there were more and more stone carvings, such as the stone carvings between Emperor Yongyuan (89-105 AD), the dot painting wave tail was more beautiful and vivid, and the structure tended to be stable and flat.

Especially to Emperor Huan, Emperor Ling (AD 147-189) Lishu became more and more exquisite, the gesture is vivid, the knot is changeable, the style is diverse, it has become the heyday of Han Li, a large number of stone carvings left in this period, is the fine art of Han Li, the latter usually said Han Li mostly refers to the inscriptions of this period.

The Han Dynasty had a relatively prosperous economy and a more developed culture, and due to the requirements for the frequent use of writing, the official script was valued, because the subordinate script was more convenient and rapid than the seal script when using writing. Ban Gu said in the "Han Shuyi Literary Chronicle": "It was the beginning of the establishment of the official book, starting from the official prison and many things, tending to be provincial, and applying it to the vain."

Wei Heng also said in the "Four-Body Calligraphy": "Qin is to use the seal, there are many things, the seal is difficult to achieve, that is, to order the subordinate people to write the book, said the official word, the Han because of the use of it, the unique seal, the flag, the letter inscription with the seal." The scribe is also the seal of the seal.

From Ban Gu to Wei Heng, they all said that they used Lishu because of the troubles in the official prison, which is not an accidental coincidence. There are objective reasons in society, that is, in fact, the official script has been passed in the people, and the official prison affairs have to be adopted, and the key reason is that the official script is faster and simpler than the seal writing.

Mr. Lu Xun once said: "The origin of art lies in application. It is precisely because of the application of the official book to be greatly popularized and developed, on this basis, people will consider the requirements of artistic aesthetics and make the official book more and more beautiful and colorful, pay attention to the vivid and stable calligraphy and painting, pay attention to the beautiful changes in the shape of the word, the structure has produced a smart and elegant dense pitching state, the pen has produced a graceful and beautiful wave trend, by the simplicity of Qin Li and produced the beauty of the algae decoration of the Han Li, become the "Han Li" with the characteristics of the times.

According to the form of the font, Hanli is also called "eight points". Weng Fanggang of the Qing Dynasty explained: "The meaning of eight, 'eight' is different, and the words are different, if they are contrary to each other." ”

The first period is the Qin and Han dynasties, and the representative official books of this period are the ancient and modern li, which is the heyday and glorious period of the development of the official books of the Eastern Han Dynasty. The official books of this period are broad and majestic in style, simple and clumsy, with various genres, and hundreds of schools of thought are singing together.

The second period of the development of Lishu is the Tang Dynasty, this period is known as the period of keeping the official book, also known as the regular script period, this period of the Lishu after the development of the Han Dynasty gradually introverted and deep, the stylization gradually increased, and the complicated rules gradually restrained the further development of the Lishu.

The Qing Dynasty is the third period of the development of Lishu, and it is also the period of the development of Lishu, the development of Lishu in this period, inheriting and absorbing the tradition of Lishu in the Qin and Han dynasties, avoiding the rules and constraints of Lishu in the Tang Dynasty, and creatively entering Lishu with the penmanship of seal script. It has created a new situation for the development of Lishu.

Lishu developed from the seal book, was sorted out by Cheng Miao, simplified the small seal, and turned the uniform lines of the small seal into straight and square strokes, which is easy to write, the appearance of the official script is another great reform of Chinese writing, so that the art of Chinese calligraphy has entered a new realm.

According to legend, the official book was sorted out by Cheng Miao in prison at the end of the Qin Dynasty, and the glyphs became round and square, the strokes were changed to straight, and the "even pen" was changed to "broken pen", from lines to strokes, which was more convenient for writing. "Liren" is not a prisoner, but refers to "Xu Official", that is, a small official in charge of documents, so in ancient times Lishu was called "Zuoshu".