The name of a notable scholar who has won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

Tu Youyounu, born on December 30, 1930 in Ningbo, Zhejiang, is a pharmacist and graduated from Beijing Medical College. He is a lifelong researcher and chief researcher of the China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the director of the Artemisinin Research and Development Center, a doctoral supervisor, and a Nobel Prize winner in medicine.

Tu Youyou has been engaged in the research of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine for many years. His outstanding contribution was the creation of the new antimalarial drugs artemisinin and dihydroartemisinin. In 1972, a colorless crystal C15H22O5 was successfully extracted and named artemisinin.

In September 2011, the discovery of artemisinin, a drug for malaria, saved millions of lives around the world, especially in developing countries, and won the Lasker Award and the GlaxoSmithKline China R&D Center for Outstanding Achievement in Life Sciences.

In October 2015, Tu Youyou was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of artemisinin, a drug that can effectively reduce mortality in malaria patients. She became the first Chinese to win the Nobel Prize in Science in Yamano.

Tu Youyou is the first Chinese scientist to win the Nobel Prize in Science and the first Chinese scientist to win the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine.

2016: Japanese scientist Yoshinoriohsumi was awarded for "discovering the mechanism of autophagy".

2015: Chinese scientist Tu Youyou won the award for "the discovery of malaria". The other two scientists were Satoshiōmura from Ireland and Japan, and were awarded for "new discoveries about roundworm parasitic infections".

2014: Johno'Keefe and May-Brittmoser from the United States and Norway and the winner. The award was given for "the discovery of the cells that make up the brain's positioning system".

2013: 3 scientists from the United States and Germany, and awards. The award was given for "the discovery of the main intracellular transport system, the regulatory mechanism of vesicle trafficking".

2012: British scientist John Gordon (and Japanese scientist Shinya Yamanaka) were awarded the award for "the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to be pluripotent".

In 2015, China won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine: Tu Youyou.

In October 2015, Tu Youyou was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for her discovery of artemisinin, a drug that can effectively reduce the mortality rate of malaria patients. She became the first Chinese to win the Nobel Prize in science.

Sweden's Karolinska Institutet announced on October 5 that it would award the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to Chinese pharmacist Tu Youyou, as well as Irish scientist William Campbell and Japanese scientist Satoshi Omura, for their achievements in the study of parasitic diseases.

Tu Youyou's reason for winning the award was "the discovery of a new ** related to malaria". This is the first time that a Chinese scientist has won the Nobel Prize in Science for scientific research conducted in China, and it is the highest award ever received by the Chinese medical community, as well as the highest award for the achievements of traditional Chinese medicine. This year's Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine will be awarded a total of 8 million Swedish kronor (about 920,000 US dollars), and Tu Youyou will receive half of the prize, and two other scientists will share the other half of the prize.

The inaugural Nobel Laureate in Physiology and Medicine is: Emil Adolf von Behring.

Emil Adolf von Behring: born March 15, 1854, was a German physician. Behring was born in Hanstoof (present-day Poland), a small village in the county of Rosenburg in West Prussia in the Kingdom of Prussia.

He has a total of 12 siblings and he is the fifth. His father was a poor rural teacher. As a child, he had already shown his genius through excellent grades, and he was able to graduate from high school through different scholarships in regret.

Since he could not continue on a scholarship to study medicine as much as he wanted to study, he decided to join the army and study military medicine. As a military medical student, his semester is also a period of service, so he can get a salary. He was awarded the first Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1901 for his research on serum and passive immunity, especially for his contribution to diphtheria, and was made a nobleman.

The work of these three scientists answers the mystery of how cells organize one of the most important transport systems within them: the vesicle transport system.

Cellular vital activities depend on the transport system within the cell. The so-called vesicle transport regulation mechanism refers to the fact that some molecules and substances cannot directly cross the cell membrane, but rely on the vesicles around the cell membrane for transmission and transportation.

By fusing with the target cell membrane, vesicles can precisely control the appropriate time and location of hormones, biological enzymes, transmitters and other molecules under the instructions of nerve cells. For example, insulin, which plays an important role in controlling blood sugar, is precisely delivered by vesicles and eventually released into the bloodstream.

If the vesicle transport system is damaged, the cellular transport mechanism will not function properly, which may lead to serious consequences such as neurological lesions, diabetes, and immune disorders. In a statement, the Nobel Prize selection committee said that "without the precise organization of vesicle transport, cells would be in a state of chaos".