International trade is usually carried out by liner or chartered ships 20

In this way, you: general bulk cargo, all go to bulk cargo ships, and a small amount of goods go to container ships.

The bulk carrier has both liner and charter, which depends on the provisions of the buyer and seller on the conditions for the transportation and handling of goods.

For example, if you have 1,000 tons of cargo, this basically has to take a liner (provided that there is a liner service on this route), because there are only 1,000 tons but you go to charter a ship with a deadweight of 3,000 tons, which is obviously a loss, and it is certainly not cost-effective to take the loss fee;

And there are 40,000 tons of grain, and there are 10,000 tons of ships that can be provided to you in the market, you can consider time charter and take 4 voyages (you can find better return transportation goods, and if you can't get the price, I'm afraid it will be expensive).

In addition, if the terms are FIO, you have to arrange the loading and unloading at the two ports by yourself, and you don't need to take the liner term, and the ship will be responsible for loading and unloading.

Container transportation is basically liners. There are irregularities on some out-of-the-way routes.

Low value (or ** change sensitive) bulk cargo charter ship, high value of a single export less (or high requirements for cargo transportation) liner, charter average freight low.

Liners are relatively expensive but cumbersome.

The specific problem has to be analyzed specifically, the two methods are basically not comparable, depending on what you ship, such as iron ore and other liners will lose money, and the shipping company will not necessarily receive the goods.

For containers, most of the cases are liner charter transportation, which generally only appears in the case of the transportation of general cargo and bulk cargo.

1. The proportions of the two are different.

There is no fixed route for irregular ship transportation, which is a way of ship operation that calls at ports and schedules, and the volume of water transportation of bulk cargo in China in 1980 was also as high as all the water transportation volume. It accounts for more than 75% of the international shipping.

The operational arrangements for charter transportation are contract-dependent, so there is no fixed route and no shipping schedule; charter transportation is suitable for bulk cargo transportation; Rental rates or freight rates vary according to the charter market**; The contribution to cargo handling charges is divided according to the provisions of the charterparty. The proportion is small.

2. The characteristics of the two are different.

Irregular ship transportation is generally organized through a contract of carriage of goods. One of the types of transport contracts that are commonly used in the domestic and international bulk cargo water transport is the contract of affreightment or the quantity contract.

That is, a contract for the transportation of a large number of goods in a certain route or navigation area within a certain period of time and according to certain conditions (shipping density, tonnage of ships, freight rates and freight payment conditions).

Charterparty transportation is organized according to the charterparty, and the terms of the charterparty are mutually agreed upon by both the shipowner and the charterer, and the shipowner and the charterer generally negotiate the charter business through their respective or common charter brokers.

Indefinite routes, indefinite shipping schedules. The shipowner shall determine the route, sailing time and type of cargo of the ship according to the requirements of the charterer, provide the corresponding ship, and make scheduling arrangements with the consent of the charterer.

3. The form of the contract is different.

A charterparty for tramp boat transportation is entered into by the owner or lessor of the ship and the cargo or charterer through the charter market. The charterparty consists of a voyage charterparty in which the charterer charters the whole ship according to the voyage, and the charterer will transport the whole ship to the destination port after the charterer fills the whole ship at the port of loading.

There is a time charter contract in which the lessor leases the ship to the charterer for a certain period of time, and the charterer operates the ship to transport goods during the charter period.

The charterparty confirmation signed by both parties to the charterparty is essentially a simple charterparty for both parties to perform. After signing the confirmation of charter, the shipowner prepares a formal charterparty according to the contents of the agreement and sends it to the charterer for review through the charterer. If the charterer has no objection to the prepared contract, it may sign it.

Similarities: There are corresponding standard contracts.

format for its adoption; The terms of the contract are freely agreed upon by both parties, and there are few mandatory legal provisions in the state.

Differences: First, the reference is different.

1. Liner transportation: the shipper hands over a certain amount of goods to the steamship company as the carrier, and the steamship company calls at a fixed port along the fixed route, and travels by the international sea cargo according to the fixed shipping schedule and fixed freight.

2. Chartering and transportation: The ship owner and the charterer lease the ship to the charterer in a bareboat or regular or voyage charter through negotiation, and arrange the transportation of goods according to the provisions of the charter contract.

Extended information: 1. Irregular ship transportation accounts for more than 75% of the proportion of international shipping in terms of freight volume carried or tonnage of ships participating in irregular ship transportation; In 1980, China's bulk cargo water transport volume was also as high as the total water transport volume. These fully illustrate the position of non-scheduled ship transportation in the whole waterway transportation.

2. Irregular ship transportation is generally organized through the cargo transportation contract. A kind of transportation contract commonly used in domestic and international bulk cargo water transportation is the contract of affreightment or quantity contract, that is, the contract for the transportation of a large number of goods in a certain route or navigation area within a certain period of time and according to certain conditions (departure density, tonnage of the ship, freight rate and freight payment terms). The more common contract of carriage in international water transport is the charterparty.

A charterparty is entered into by the owner or lessor of the ship and the cargo or charterer through the charter market. The charterparty includes a voyage charterparty in which the whole ship is chartered according to the voyage, and the charterer will transport the whole ship to the port of destination after the charterer has filled the whole ship at the port of loading; There is a time charter contract in which the lessor leases the ship to the charterer for a certain period of time, and the charterer operates the ship to transport goods during the charter period. With the use of affreightment contract, the international charterparty is generally used to transport goods in batches.

In general, China does not use charter parties, but binds the rights and obligations of both parties to the cargo according to the rules of carriage of goods by water or the terms of the bill of lading for the shipwrecked transport through the monthly distribution plan.

The main differences between liner shipping and charter shipping are as follows:

The first point is the difference and the meaning is different:

Chartering refers to the way in which the owner of the ship and the charterer lease the ship to the charterer in a bareboat or regular or voyage charter through negotiation, and arrange the transportation of goods in accordance with the provisions of the charter party.

Liner transportation refers to the international maritime cargo transportation carried out by the shipper to the steamship company as the carrier, and the steamship company calls at a fixed port along the route according to a fixed route, according to a fixed shipping schedule and a fixed freight.

Point 2: The difference and characteristics are different:

Features of charter shipping:

1) The charterparty is organized in accordance with the charterparty, and the terms of the charterparty are mutually agreed upon by both the shipowner and the charterer.

2) Generally, the shipowner and the charterer negotiate the charter business through their respective or common chartering brokers.

3) Indefinite route, indefinite shipping schedule. The shipowner Zhongheng shall determine the route, sailing time and cargo type of the ship according to the requirements of the charterer, provide the corresponding ship, and make scheduling arrangements with the consent of the charterer.

4) The rental rate or freight rate is determined based on the charter market**.

5) The expenses incurred in the operation of the ship are shared between the shipowner and the charterer depending on the chartering method, and are stipulated in the terms of the contract. For example, the stevedoring charge clause FIO indicates that the charterer is responsible for the stevedor, and if the Liner term is written, it means that the shipowner is responsible for the stevedor.

6) Chartered transportation is suitable for sale, which is suitable for bulk cargo transportation.

7) There is a standard contract format for all types of charterparties.

Features of liner shipping:

1) It has the characteristics of "four fixed", that is, fixed routes, fixed ports, fixed shipping schedules and relatively fixed rates. This is the most basic feature of liner shipping.

2) The liner freight rate includes loading and unloading costs, that is, the carrier is responsible for the loading and unloading of the goods, and the contracting parties do not count demurrage and expedited charges, and do not stipulate the loading and unloading time.

3) The period of the carrier's responsibility for the cargo is from the time the cargo is loaded on the ship to the time when the cargo is unloaded from the ship, i.e. "rail to rail" or "hook to hook".

4) The rights, obligations and exemptions of the carriers and the parties are based on the bill of lading issued and are subject to the uniform international conventions.

5) Liner transportation is oriented to a large number of cargo owners, and the number of goods consigned by a single cargo owner is not large, but the goods transported by liner are often of high value in sea transportation.

Point 3: Difference and use are different:

Liner transportation is used to transport goods with small volumes, high prices, and scattered transfer ports, and is the most widely used way of transportation of goods by sea. The steamship company or its ** person issues a bill of lading after accepting the delivery of the consignment, and the bill of lading is the form and evidence of the liner contract of carriage.

Chartering is done through the charter market. In the chartering market, the owner of the ship is the supplier of the ship, while the charterer is the demand side of the ship.

According to the mode of operation of ships, ocean transportation can be divided into liner transportation and charter transportation. Features of liner shipping:

l) Liner shipping has a fixed shipping schedule, route, port of call and relatively fixed freight rate; (2) The freight of the liner includes the loading and unloading fee, so the port loading and unloading of the liner is the responsibility of the ship;

3) the number of goods carried by liners is relatively flexible, and the shipper is booked according to the needs, which is especially suitable for the transportation of general general cargo and container cargo. Chartering refers to chartering an entire ship. The charter fee is lower than that of the liner, and the direct route can be selected, so the bulk cargo is generally chartered and transported.

There are two main types of charters: fixed charter and time charter.

Liner shipping is a scheduled ship with a fixed route, port, schedule and freight rate. Chartered shipping is divided into regular and fixed schedules, and ports and routes, shipping schedules, and freight rates are not fixed.

The biggest difference is. Liners are generally scheduled on a regular basis. For example, the liner from Dalian to South Korea's Busan operates three times a week.

Chartered transportation is indefinite and irregular. **Go where you have the right goods. There is no fixed cycle.

Feel satisfied

Liners, also known as scheduled ships, are ships that sail regularly at certain ports of call on the route. It has the following characteristics: 1 fixed route 2 fixed port of call 3 fixed shipping schedule 4 freight rate is relatively fixed 5 loading and unloading is fully responsible, the carrier is generally in the terminal warehouse delivery or pick-up, convenient for the cargo owner.

Chartering, also known as chartering, is a mode of ocean transportation, which refers to a way in which a charterer leases a ship from a shipowner for the transportation of goods. Chartering is applicable to the transportation of bulk cargo, and the relevant routes and ports, the type of cargo to be transported and the time of the voyage are all confirmed by the owner of the ship according to the requirements of the charterer. The rights and obligations between the charterer and the lessor are determined by the charterparty signed by both parties.

What is called liner transportation, we talked about liner conditions in ** terminology. Liner is the ship of the steamship company according to a fixed shipping schedule, a fixed route, a fixed port to and fro, such a ship is called a liner, such a transportation is called liner transportation.

There are three types of charter transportation: voyage charter, time charter, and bareboat charter.

The cost of chartering can be determined by the charterer and the shipowner's professionals, and there are four specific practices: (these four, we must remember).

7. What are the specific provisions on the loading and unloading fees of chartered ships (there are four provisions): (1) The ship party does not care about the loading and unloading fee (FIO), which is more common;

2) The ship side is less according to the liner terms;

3) The ship is only in charge of loading and unloading (FO);

4) The ship is only responsible for unloading and loading (FI).

We need to keep in mind the specific practices of the loading and unloading costs of these four types of chartered ships.

Liner shipping is mainly responsible for the loading and unloading costs of the shipping company, and the buyer and seller do not need to discuss this issue, while the ship transportation should be carefully stipulated to avoid disputes.