20 of the economic theory, the 20 of the economic theory

What do you say, friend? Can you make that clear?

What does this mean by landlord? What is implied?

Theoretical economics is to discuss the basic concepts, basic principles, and general laws of economic operation and development, and provide basic theories for various economic disciplines. Theoretical economics is often referred to as general economic theory, and it is divided into two branches: macroeconomics and microeconomics.

Macroeconomics is based on the activities of the general process of the national economy as the research object, focusing on the investigation and explanation of how the national income, employment level, the level of economic aggregates are determined, how fluctuating, so it is also called aggregate analysis or aggregate economics. Macroeconomics is also known as general economics and big economics. It is the symmetry of microeconomics.

Macroeconomics is a branch of modern economics. Macroeconomics takes the entire national economy as the object of investigation, and studies the decisions and changes of various aggregates in the economy, so as to solve the problems of unemployment, inflation, economic fluctuations, and the balance of payments, and achieve long-term stable development. Macroeconomics is the study of the economy as a whole, including issues such as inflation, unemployment, and economic growth.

Macroeconomic questions include explaining why economies go through periods of recession and increasing unemployment, and why some economies are growing much faster than others over the long term. Macroeconomics also deals with policy questions, such as whether intervention can reduce the severity of recessions.

Microeconomics (microeconomics), also known as individual economics and microeconomics, is the symmetry of macroeconomics. Microeconomics mainly takes a single economic unit (a single producer, a single consumer, and a single market economic activity) as the research object, and analyzes how a single producer allocates limited resources to the production of various commodities to achieve maximum profits; How a single consumer can allocate their limited income to the consumption of various goods for maximum satisfaction. At the same time, microeconomics also analyzes how the output, cost, number of production factors used, and profit of individual producers are determined; how the income of the factor of production is determined; The utility, supply, demand, and how to determine the utility of a single commodity, the quantity in demand, and so on.

Microeconomics is an economic theory that studies the economic behavior of individual economic units in a society, and how the individual values of the corresponding economic variables are determined. Also known as market economics or ** theory. The central theory of microeconomics is the ** theory.

Microeconomics - Analyze the economic behavior of individual economic units, on the basis of which the operation of the market mechanism and its role in the allocation of economic resources in the modern Western economy and society are studied, and microeconomic policies are proposed to correct market failures. Microeconomics is concerned with the exchange process between individuals and organizations in society, and the basic problem it studies is the determination of resource allocation, and its basic theory is the theory that determines the relative power through supply and demand. Therefore, the main scope of microeconomics includes consumer choice, supply and income distribution carried out by manufacturers.

Theoretical economics consists of these two branches.

There are too many to list, in addition to game theory, Coase's theorem, Hand's formula, and many other common ones, there are many things that cannot be avoided by studying economics.

1. People face trade-offs. This suggests that economics is the study of the problem of choice under conditions of scarce resources. 2. The cost of something is to get what it gives up. One of the most important concepts in economics is opportunity cost.

3. Rational people consider marginal quantities. The most important analytical method in economics is the marginal analysis.

4. People will respond to incentives. The background of economic analysis - the system determines people's behavior, and the system should be used to guide and restrain people's behavior.

These four are four principles about how individuals make decisions. The constituent unit of a market economy is the individual, who has the freedom to make decisions (make choices). Individuals make up the whole.

The starting point for the study of economics is individual behavior. These four principles illustrate how to study individual behavior.

5. It can make everyone better. The relationship between people is essentially a transactional relationship, and this relationship arises because it is a win-win situation, both for individuals and countries.

6. The market is usually a good way to organize economic activity. The basic principle of the market economy is that the "invisible hand" regulates everyone's economic activities, and the "invisible hand" is **. The regulation of the market mechanism is the basic content of economics.

7. Sometimes it can improve market results. A market economy requires the rule of law, and at the same time there are market failures. ** The role is to supplement the shortcomings of the market mechanism.

These three principles are the basic principles of the market economy, and they are also the issues to be discussed in microeconomics.

8. A country's standard of living depends on its ability to produce goods and services. It is the productive capacity that determines the overall state of a country, which is central to the analysis of the economy as a whole.

9. When too much currency is issued, prices rise. The modern economy is a monetary economy, and the relationship between money and prices is what economists have always paid attention to.

10. Society faces a short-term trade-off between inflation and unemployment. This is the central issue of the overall economy in the short term, and it is also the difficulty of adjustment.

In terms of the essence of money, Keynes was a typical nominalist. He argues that money is a symbol used for the payment of debts and the exchange of goods, and that this symbol is derived from the relationship of "computational money". The so-called "calculating money" refers to a kind of conceptual money, which is the basic concept of money.

Computing money is itself a symbol or title that has no real value. It is a symbol or ticket that has no real value in itself, created by the state by virtue of its power and has the right to change it at any time.

2. The function of money.

Keynes emphasized that there are two functions of money: one is to serve as a currency for calculations and as a medium of exchange, and the function of money is only to facilitate exchange, and it does not have an important and substantial impact on the economy. The second function of money is to act as a means of storage as an accumulation of wealth.

The function of storing wealth here is different from what Marx called the function of "storing means".

3 Characteristics of the currency.

Keynes believed that modern money has the following characteristics:

1) The elasticity of production of money is equal to zero.

Keynesian refers to the rate of change in the number of people producing money divided by the rate of change in the number of people who buy money. Keynes believed that in countries that do not cash paper money for circulation or implement currency management, the production or issuance of paper money is strictly controlled by the state, and for private enterprises, there is absolutely no power to produce paper or take surplus money, and the elasticity of money production can only be equal to zero.

2) The elasticity of substitution of money is close to zero, or almost equal to zero.

Keynesian refers to the ratio at which people abandon money and replace it with other commodities when the exchange value of money is exchanged. Keynes believed that the elasticity of this substitution of money is equal to zero. This is due to the fact that money itself is not ineffective, its utility comes from exchange value.

As a proxy for general purchasing power, it can be exchanged for any other good, but none of the other goods has this utility. Therefore, people are reluctant to substitute money with other commodities, and the higher the exchange value of money, the more reluctant people are to replace money with other commodities, and thus the greater the demand for money.

3) Currency is characterized by flexible turnover and low preservation costs.

Keynes believed that money has turnover flexibility compared to other commodities. This is due to the fact that money has greater liquidity than other commodities and has convenient turnover, which can be directly used for payment, but also can be stored in case of future contingencies, and can also be flexibly used for speculation in various assets; At the same time, estimates of the future value of money are optimistic because of the uncertainty of the future and the fact that money wages are often quite stable. Due to the properties of its materials (such as small size, low natural wear and tear, etc.), currency has the characteristics of low or even insignificant preservation costs.

1. People are rational and pursue utility maximization under given constraints.

2. Behavioral preferences are stable and qualitative, and people always tend to repeat certain behaviors when the external parts remain unchanged.

These are the two basic assumptions of economics.

Thinking is to analyze human behavior by abstracting important factors according to external conditions and synthesizing two basic assumptions.

1.No one fights...Because it is best to protect yourself.

If Jackie Chan hits the first shot, then the remaining people will definitely shoot at him, and the other two will have better marksmanship than himself. If Jackie Chan doesn't fight first, and the second one is Jet Li, Jet Li will definitely shoot Bruce Lee instead of Jackie Chan, and the same is true if Bruce Lee is replaced. In other words, if Jackie Chan doesn't shoot first, the other two people will not use him as a target first.

In this way, Jackie Chan can last to shoot to protect himself.

2.Game theory.

3.Tian Ji horse racing.