What are the limitations of Newton s particle theory?

It cannot explain the motion of microscopic particles, such as the wave-particle duality of light, and the spectrum of hydrogen atoms.

1. Different classifications.

The photon theory was proposed by Albert Einstein. A photon (also known as a quantum of light) is a particle with zero mass at rest and has energy and momentum.

The particle theory refers to the fact that an object is made up of a large number of hard particles. The particle theory easily explains the straightness of light, as well as the reflection of light, because the law of reflection in which a particle collides with a smooth plane is the same as the law of reflection of light.

2. The role is different.

When the light propagates in a homogeneous medium, the gravitational force exerted by the particles of the photonic particles will be balanced, and the optical particles in equilibrium should of course move in a straight line in the homogeneous medium.

The energy table h ( is the frequency, h is the Planck constant) The table h ( is the frequency, h is the Planck constant is p = p = h = h c ( is the frequency, c is the speed of light, h is the Planck constant) The light propagating in space is not continuous, but one by one, and each part is called a photon.

3. The interpretation principle is different.

The particle theory is very difficult to explain the phenomenon that a beam of light occurs and refracts at the interface between two media, and that several beams of light continue to propagate forward without hindrance to each other after they cross and meet.

According to the photon theory, light is composed of a photon, the propagation of light is the propagation of a photon, and the energy of a photon is e=hr (h is Planck's constant, r is the frequency of light), so as long as the energy of a photon is greater than the work of the metal (the work done by the electron from the metal atom), the electron will be separated from the metal surface.

Newton copied the particles and said, put the light.

He explained that light travels in a straight line, and like a macroscopic object, it is subjected to a force of 0 and moves in a straight line at a uniform speed. Explaining the reflection, the light particles change the direction of motion when they collide with the interface, gain impulse.

Einstein discovered the photoelectric effect, according to the traditional wave theory, the Bode energy is determined by the amplitude and has nothing to do with frequency, but the photoelectric effect shows that the energy of light is frequency-dependent, independent of amplitude. So Einstein proposed the photon theory, which believed that the photon energy e=hv, where v refers to the frequency of light, which buried the root of wave-particle duality. Later, it was found that the characteristic spectral discontinuity of hydrogen atoms indicates the particle nature of light.

Einstein saw light as a piece of energy, with kinetic and potential energy.

Difference: The particle theory treats light as a kind of particle, and cannot explain that light does not always travel in a straight line, but can travel around the edge of an obstacle. The photon theory can explain the above problem by considering light as energy with kinetic energy and potential energy.

Newton's theory of particles and Einstein's light.

The sub theory is to explain the phenomenon of light, Newton regarded the version of light as a small particle weight sphere, which will ** when it encounters a plane, but this does not explain the problem of propagating energy, and the photon theory makes up for this, Einstein regarded light as light is a piece of energy, with kinetic energy and potential energy.

The particle theory can explain the phenomenon of light propagating in a straight line in a car, and can also explain the law of reflection of light, but it has encountered difficulties in explaining the law of refraction. In order to explain the phenomenon of refraction, it is assumed that the gravitational attraction of the two media on the particles is different at the interface of the medium, so that the normal velocity of the particles changes, but the tangential velocity does not change. This is questionable.

It is also puzzling that the gravitational pull of the two media on the particles is different.

Hopefully, you'll be satisfied.

Newton, a giant of science in the 17th century, is also a master of optics, about the nature of light, Newton thinks so: light is a stream of particles composed of mechanical particles like small projectiles, and luminous objects continuously emit high-speed linear flying streams of light particles into the surrounding space, once these light particles enter the human eye and impact the retina, they cause vision, which is the particle theory of light Newton used the particle theory to easily explain the phenomenon of direct advance, reflection and refraction of light Because the particle theory is easy to understand, It can also explain some common optical phenomena, so it quickly gained people's recognition and support

The particle is said to be an image of light as an elastic ball...This is a good way to explain the reflection of light....But it doesn't explain why the intersection of two lights doesn't interfere with other issues....

Newton considered light to be a ...... particlesBecause it has the nature of ...... matterAt that time, Newton had a lot of status, so this was very popular at ...... timeLater, the bright spot of Bo Song confirmed that light has the nature of waves......Later, due to the photoelectric effect, the light back reconsidered its particulate ......It is now generally accepted that ......Light is wave-particle duality!!

1. Mechanical achievements.

In 1679, Newton returned to the study of mechanics: gravity and its effect on planetary orbits, Kepler's laws of planetary motion, and discussions on mechanics with Hooke and Flamsteide. He attributed his work to the book The Motion of Objects in Orbit (1684), which contained the preliminary laws of motion that were later formulated in the Principia.

2. Mathematical achievements.

Most modern historians believe that Newton and Leibniz independently developed calculus and created their own unique notations for it. According to those around Newton, Newton arrived at his method a few years before Leibniz.

But he published almost nothing until 1693, and it was not until 1704 that he gave a complete account. In the meantime, Leibniz had published a complete account of his method in 1684.

3. Optical achievements.

Newton devoted himself to the study of the phenomenon of color and the nature of light. In 1666, he studied daylight with a prism and concluded that white light was made up of a mixture of light of different colors (i.e., different wavelengths) with different wavelengths of light with different refractive indices.

In visible light, red light has the longest wavelength and the smallest refractive index; Violet light has the shortest wavelength and the largest refractive index. This important discovery of Newton became the basis for spectral analysis, revealing the secret of light color.

Newton also pressed the convex surface of a well-ground convex lens with a large radius of curvature against a very smooth flat glass, which could be seen under white light, with a dark point in the center and concentric circles of light and dark around it.

Later generations called this phenomenon "Newton's ring". He created the "particle theory" of light, which reflected the nature of light movement from one side, but Newton was not opposed to the "wave theory" of light.

Fourth, thermal achievements.

Newton established the law of cooling, which states that when there is a temperature difference between the surface and the surroundings of an object, the amount of heat lost per unit area per unit of time is proportional to this temperature difference.

5. Astronomical achievements.

Newton created the reflecting telescope in 1672. He used the gravitational force between the particles to prove that the external gravitational force of a sphere with a spherically symmetrical density can be replaced by a mass of the same mass in the center position.

He also used the principle of gravitation to explain the various phenomena of tides, pointing out that the size of the tides is not only related to the phase of the moon, but also to the orientation of the sun. Newton predicted that the Earth was not a positive sphere. Precession is caused by the sun's perturbation of the equatorial protrusion.

The primitive impulse proposed by the great Newton is the key to human control of the universe: The natural philosophy of Newton that proposed the primitive impulse of the universe is the epoch-making physical science.

Sponsored by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and co-organized by the China Association for Science and Technology, "Spark of Scientific Wisdom" authoritatively released epoch-making scientific discoveries

Where is the primordial impetus of nature? First, we use the movement of a clock to understand the primordial impulse: the movement of matter in the universe tends to rest (and heat death) just as the clockwork tends to relax spontaneously, and the primordial impulse acts like winding a clock, and the clock needs a reverse force to overcome the force in the direction of the spontaneous relaxation of the clockwork, the key of which is to reveal the force in the direction of overcoming the spontaneous relaxation of the clockwork.

We find that physical phenomena such as thermal expansion and contraction of solids, electron emission at room temperature of metals, and thermomagnetism are all manifestations of simple heat overcoming interaction forces such as bonding, Coulomb force, and magnetic force. Because the interaction force such as the bonding bond or Coulomb force of the solid is the force in the direction of spontaneous condensation and contraction between the solid particles, and the heat is the force in the direction of the diffusion and separation between the solid particles, these two are opposite forces (thermal expansion and contraction, etc.), when the heat overcomes the bonding bond or Coulomb force between the particles inside the solid, the heat must also be converted into the binding bond or Coulomb force, and the result is like winding a clockwork.

When the force of spontaneous condensation and contraction of the solid is overcome by heat and diffused and separated, the solid is then recovered by the spontaneous attraction and condensation and contraction of the interaction force between the particles, which can be seen that the physical phenomena such as the thermal expansion and contraction of the solid and the electron emission of the metal at room temperature are essentially equivalent to the cycle of the tightening and spontaneous relaxation of the clock clockwork, and the complete conversion of heat into force is equivalent to the return of heat to high temperature, so the heat overcoming interaction force is the manifestation of the original driving force of the heat of the universe that can start to move from the state of heat death. It reflects that the matter of the universe has its own natural laws that move from a state of rest.

Newton, an English physicist, astronomer, and mathematician, created the reflecting telescope and speculated that the Earth was not a sphere, but had slightly flattened poles and a slightly bulging equator; The three fundamental laws of motion and the law of gravitation were established, and the theoretical system of classical mechanics was established. He founded Newton's binomial theorem and calculus at about the same time as Leibniz; He made the "Newtonian Palette" and created the "particle theory" of light. Newton's contribution to humanity was immense.

The natural world and the laws of nature are hidden in the dark:

God said, let Newton be born! So everything is bright.

Pope. There stood a statue of Newton with a solemn and silent face, marble forever marking his heart.

Sail alone in a wondrous ocean of ideas.

Wordsworth. From the beginning of mathematics to Newton's time, most of the mathematical work was completed by Newton.

Leibniz. I don't know what kind of person I am in the eyes of others; But to myself, I am like a child playing on the seashore, complacent at the occasional discovery of a pebble smoother than usual, or a shell more beautiful than usual, and without the immense ocean of truth that lies before me.

Newton.

a. This experiment is a particle scattering experiment, according to which Rutherford proposed the theory of atomic nucleus structure, which has nothing to do with the nature of light, so it is wrong

b. The interference right is a unique property of waves, so the two-hole interference experiment shows that light has a wave and is therefore correct

c. This experiment is an experiment of the photoelectric effect, which shows that light has the property of particles, so it is correct d. The experiment of deflection of three rays in a magnetic field can determine the electrical properties of rays, but cannot explain the nature of light, so D is wrong

Therefore, BC was chosen

Newton's main idea is that light has particle properties, but he does not explain that light has wave properties. Modern theories generally hold that light has wave-particle duality, which can explain both reflection and diffraction experiments of light.

It successfully explains the reflection of light, but it does not explain properties such as diffraction.

It's wrong, the ether proves it wrong, but now there are new particles that have been modified on the basis of the original. If you go to the encyclopedia and search for the particles of light, there will be a detailed introduction above.

Of course there are photons!

Photons not only have mass, but also weight! It's just that this force is too small and too small to be seen at all.

Photons, as the name suggests, are light quanta, which are used to transport the elementary particles of electromagnetic interaction.

The encyclopedia has a very detailed introduction, and it is recommended that you search for photons.

Hope it helps, thank you

(1) This experiment is a particle scattering experiment, based on which Rutherford proposed the theory of atomic nucleus structure, which has nothing to do with the properties of light, so (1) is wrong

2) Interference is a unique property of waves, so the two-hole interference experiment shows that light has wave properties, so (2) is correct

3) This experiment is an experiment of the photoelectric effect, which shows that light has particle properties Therefore, (3) it is correct (4) The experiment of deflection of three rays in the electric field can determine the electrical properties of the rays, but cannot explain the properties of light Therefore, the answer is: Figure (2) Figure (3).