Why Capital begins with the analysis of commodities

Capital (Capital: A Critique of Political Economy) is a work on political economy written by the German thinker Karl Heinrich Marx, published in three volumes from 1867 to 1894.

Capital is a three-volume book that provides a thorough critique of capitalism with a focus on surplus value. The first volume examines the production process of capital and analyzes the problem of the production of surplus value. The second volume examines the circulation process of capital on the basis of the process of capital production and analyzes the realization of surplus value.

The third volume deals with the general process of capitalist production, examining the specific forms of capital and surplus value, respectively. The content of this volume achieves a high degree of unity in the production, circulation and distribution processes of capital, and analyzes the distribution of surplus value.

Summary. In a broad sense, the question of the logical starting point of Capital is how to view the opening question of Capital. This is because the value, exchange value, and form of value in the opening chapter of Capital can all be regarded as provisions related to the connotation of the category of "commodity", and "commodity according to its value" is Marx's "premise as the starting point".

For money, according to Marx's method, it can only be derived from the internal regulations of commodities. Therefore, these provisions must ultimately be reduced to the specific logical starting point of "commodity", and the understanding of the commodity as the logical starting point in the opening chapter necessarily includes the provisions of these categories; Moreover, such a broad understanding has the advantage of being a direct counterpart to the Introduction to the Critique of Political Economy, since here Marx cites the two simplest categories of "labor" and "money" in the "opening chapter" as examples.

Why did commodities become the logical starting point category of Capital?

In a broad sense, the question of the logical starting point of Capital is also how to view the opening question of Capital. This is because the value, exchange value, and form of value in the opening chapter of Capital can all be regarded as provisions related to the connotation of the category of "commodity", and "commodity according to its value" is Marx's "premise as the starting point". For money, according to Marx's method, it can only be derived from the internal regulations of commodities.

Therefore, these provisions must ultimately be reduced to the specific logical starting point of "commodity", and the understanding of the commodity as the logical starting point in the opening chapter necessarily includes the provisions of these categories; Moreover, such a broad understanding has the advantage of being directly linked to the "Introduction to the Critique of Political Economy", because Marx cites here the two simplest categories of "labor" and "money" in the "opening chapter" as examples.

In the Preface to the First Edition of Capital, Marx pointed out that the first part of the book, especially the part that analyzes commodities, is the most difficult to understand. The long-standing debate on this issue shows that Marx's prompt is very necessary.

Since the logical starting point of understanding "Capital" must mobilize the entire knowledge of Marx's economics at the disposal of one person, in the strict sense of the word, whoever understands this question will regret the possibility of understanding "Capital" in depth. It is precisely because the logical starting point is related to the grasp of the whole that if the understanding of the logical starting point is deviated, the understanding of Capital will inevitably be superficial. In view of this, this paper intends to combine Marx's critical theme and the method of political economy to make a multi-level argument on this issue.

4.The whole of the form of simple inspection of rent and lack of value.

At the beginning of this chapter, we have explained in layman's terms that commodities are both use value and exchange value. Strictly speaking, this statement is false.

Commodities are use value and value. In order for a commodity to be represented as a duality of use value and value, its undisputed value must take the form of a phenomenon that is different from its natural form, that is, the form of exchange value.

Commodity A = Commodity B

The use value of A is expressed by its natural form, and the value of A is expressed by the use value of B, and the internal use value and value of commodity A are opposed. This opposition between the internal sails is expressed through the relationship between commodity A and the external opposition of B.

Therefore, the simple form of value of a commodity is the simple phenomenon form of the opposition between the use value and the value contained in the commodity. (use value and value opposite).

Commodities are transformed from the development of the products of labor, and the value of commodities is the expenditure of human labor. Therefore, the simple form of value of the commodity is the state of the pure commodity (of the product of labor). That is to say, the development of the commodity form is consistent with the development of the value form.

Obviously, the mere form of value is insufficient. This is the embryonic form, which must go through a series of morphological changes before it matures into the ** form. (things, things, money).

A single form of value will move to a more complete form. From a single form of value, the value of a commodity is expressed only in a different kind of commodity. But this xenomorph commodity can be any other commodity, and there can be an infinite number of xenomorphs.

In this way, the individual value performance of the commodity can be transformed into a series of indefinitely extended heterogeneous value expressions.

Why did commodities become the logical starting point category of Capital?

The working structure of the first chapter of Capital is the result of the adjustment of the first edition, and the name was added by Marx at this time. This is so in order to further complete the analysis already promised in the Introduction to the Critique of Political Economy. Enlighten us:

First, the dialectical stipulation of Capital is that it begins and is born in the "commodity"; Second, the structure of Marx's text is open, and as far as the first chapter is concerned, what is to be completed is the capitalized dissection of "the commodity itself", which is always synchronized with historical development in terms of direction, that is, it adheres to the work approach of the phenomenological critique of the commodity spirit (Marx's tentative name is "fetishistic critique"); Thirdly, commodity dialectics is a practical critical stipulation and a living working logic that aims to eliminate self-sufficiency, insist on always recognizing the stipulation of existence in the phenomenon of growth movement, and grasp the overall development of existence; Fourth, historical materialism is a process of practical formation, which excavates social existence (stipulation) from history, unifies historical existence and social collapse. Finally, and most importantly, the unification of the object of study and the terminology of theoretical categories, such as the mode of production (historically formed social production); The general movement of labor hail is sensitive, the relations of production and exchange (social reproduction); value (form) to make the theoretical analysis clearly operational. In general, it is a mature research paradigm whereby dialectics is embodied as a working method of the practice of erecting history (what Marx called "my dialectical method"), and with the help of work, materialist stipulations are no longer confined to the ivory tower, but become a "class science" that directly entails the history of practical criticismThis analysis unravels the mystery of the great construction and occurrence of historical materialism.

Why did commodities become the logical starting point category of Capital?

Commodities - stools give money - capital. The narrative method, which is traditionally regarded as "abstract to concrete", is not necessarily the case, and here the oak side includes the starting point of criticism, the starting point of history, and so on. For a further explanation of knowledge, please read "The Logical Analysis of the Commodity Chapter of Capital".

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What is a commodity?

A commodity is first and foremost an external object, a thing that satisfies a certain need of man by virtue of its own attributes. Each useful substance, such as iron and paper, can be examined in terms of both quality and quantity. Each such thing is the sum of many properties and can therefore be useful in different ways.

The usefulness of things makes them use value. It determines the properties of the commodity body, without which it does not exist. Use value is only realized in use or consumption.

Regardless of the social form of wealth, use value always constitutes the material content of wealth, and in the social form we examine, use value is at the same time the material bearer of exchange value.

Exchange value is first manifested in the relationship or proportion of the amount of exchange between one use value and another use value, such as auspicious, this proportion is constantly changing with time and place. Since exchange is a process of transformation from private labor to social labor, there is a certain randomness in this process, so the exchange value has a certain degree of chance. But there is inevitability in this contingency.

If the use value of the commodity is set aside, there is only one attribute left of the commodity body, that is, the property of the product of labor. But the product of labor has also changed in our hands. If we extract the use-value of the product of labor, then we also remove the material components and forms that make the product of labor use-value.

They are no longer tables, houses, yarns, or anything else useful. All their perceptible attributes are gone. They are no longer the products of carpenter's labour, bricklayer labour, spinning labour, or some other certain productive labour.

With the disappearance of the useful nature of the product of labour, so does the useful nature of the various forms of labour embodied in the product of labour, and consequently the concrete forms of these labour. There is no difference between the various kinds of labor, and they are all reduced to the same human labor, abstract human labor.

Now let us examine what is left of the product of labor. All that remains is the same ghostly objectivity, the simple condensation of undifferentiated human labour, that is, the mere condensation of the expendum of human labour, whatever form it takes. These things, now merely signify, in their production the consumption of human and sedan labor, and the accumulation of human labor.

These things, as the crystallization of this social entity they share, are the value commodity value.

Value is the undifferentiated human labor force, the content of use value, which can only be regarded as an external manifestation or only a means of sale.

Chen Shuihe was sorted out at noon.