How to distinguish between the official kiln and the brother kiln, and what is the difference betwee

1. Mouth. The official is thin, the mouth glaze is dripping, the vertical water stains, and the mouth is raised; The mouth is thick, and the glaze is thick with horizontal water stains.

2. Glaze. official glaze bright; Brother glaze has a sweating phase, and the official has no sweating phase.

3. Open the film. The official vertical line is long, the horizontal line is short, the line direction is uncertain, and the thickness of the horizontal line is slightly thinner; The vertical line is long, the horizontal line is short, and the vertical line is mostly left-handed.

4. Tire. The official is thin, but strong; Brother is thick, no official is dense.

Identification of official kiln characteristics

1) There are two kinds of products: thin tire thin glaze and thin tire thick glaze celadon, the tire is loose and purple-gray.

3) Thin tire thin glaze celadon is fired with cushion cake pad, the glaze is mostly opaque, the glaze color is mainly pink and blue, there are also light yellow and blue-gray, the decoration is rare, and there is the phenomenon of purple iron feet.

4) There are bowls, plates, washers, various bottles, furnaces, etc., and antique bronze and jade shapes are more common.

The main characteristics of the kiln

First, the glaze of the kiln is a matte glaze, like a "ghee" like luster, with rich and colorful colors, including beige, pink green, and milky white.

Second, the pattern of "gold wire iron wire", the glaze of the kiln has a net-like opening piece, or overlapping like ice cracks, or into a fine small opening piece ("vulgar into a hundred pieces of garbage" or "turtle pattern"), with "gold wire iron wire" as a typical, that is, the coarser black cracks are intertwined with fine red and yellow cracks. There is such a description in the Ming Dynasty's "Gegu Yao":"The kiln pattern is taken as the ice crack and eel blood, and the plum blossom ink pattern is second.

Fine broken lines, under the lines also. "

Third, the bubbles in the glaze like "gathering beads and gathering balls", the glaze layer is usually very thick, the thickest part is even equal to the thickness of the tire, and the glaze contains bubbles, such as the pearl looming, just like the beauty of "gathering foam and gathering beads", which is a traditional way to distinguish the true and false brother kilns. Sun Yingzhou, the ancestor of the ceramic industry, said in his article "Identification of Porcelain in the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties" that the glaze bubbles of the official and brother are dense"Accumulate beads"It refers to the fine bubbles in the glaze of the kiln, like small water droplets, which are all over the surface of the vessel. Such features are not easy to imitate.

Fourth, the style of "purple iron foot", most of the green body of the kiln is purple-black or brown-yellow, and the thin glaze at the edge of the mouth of the vessel is yellow-brown due to the hidden pattern to expose the tire color, and at the same time the glaze is not hung on the bottom foot and presents iron black, therefore, it can be summarized that there is a "purple iron foot", which is also one of the traditional methods to distinguish the real and false brother kilns.

Regarding the gold wire and iron wire, the official kilns and brother kilns found now are not possessed by each other, and there are not many of them, and there are few people who have them. The same is true of Chrysostom. This is said in the identification dogma and in the records of ancient books, but it is also rare in the actual large-scale high-end racket.

There is not much difference between the official kiln and the brother kiln, and the common name is not divided between the official and the brother, how to distinguish it? Ma Weidu: Look at the gold wire.

Experts and scholars believe that this type of porcelain originated in Henan Province at the earliest, while the official kiln of the Southern Song Dynasty was in Zhejiang and Turtle Mountain. Ge kiln porcelain and official kiln are somewhat similar. Such as:

All open pieces, all are gold wires, are nails and sand two firing methods, mainly nails, are purple iron feet, are simple and elegant. But there are still differences between the two, such as: the kiln looks sweaty, and the mouth of the kiln is thicker than the official kiln, etc.

To distinguish between the official kiln and the brother kiln, we must grasp several main points of difference. Most of the shapes of the official kilns are developed from bronze, and the kilns can be seen from the glaze alone, but the porcelain of the two kilns of the kilns has purple mouths and iron feet, and they are also open, and they are all gray tires, which is a commonality, but there are several important differences:

Mouth: thin, glazed, vertical water stains, mouth up; The mouth is thick, and the glaze is thick with horizontal water stains.

Glaze: official glaze bright; Brother glaze has a sweating phase, and the official has no sweating phase.

Opening: the official vertical line is long, the horizontal line is short, the line direction is uncertain, and the thickness of the horizontal line is slightly thinner; The vertical line is long, the horizontal line is short, and the vertical line is mostly left-handed.

Fetus: thin, but strong; Brother is thick, no official is dense.

The difference between Ge kiln and Ru kiln:

1. The glaze color of Ru kiln porcelain is changeable, with the beauty of mystery, and the azure color is preferred. Brother kiln porcelain.

The glaze is mainly green, but the shades are different, and there are also yellow and lilac porcelain.

2. Ru kiln has an open piece.

Lines, Ru kiln porcelain has very fine pieces of grain throughout the body, like ice cracks, crab claws, but there are also cracks. There are many small white cracks on the glaze of the kiln, and the lines are staggered.

3. There are small nail burn marks at the bottom of Ru kiln porcelain. Brother kiln porcelain purple iron foot, black tire thick glaze.

4. The biggest feature of Ge kiln products is that there are many light white fine cracks on the glaze, called "100 garbage pieces", and the lines are staggered, forming a lot of glaze colors mainly green, with different shades, but there are also light purple and yellow products. The thick glaze of the black tire and the purple iron foot are another characteristic of it, and the Ge kiln is different from the Ru kiln.

Ru kiln is characterized by glaze green and moist, creating a special style of celadon printing, the whole body has very fine grains, like ice cracks, crab claws, but there are also cracks, the bottom has a small nail burning Sun Fan Fu marks.

5. The kiln pays more attention to the opening of the film, and the kiln is deliberate, mainly with the broken pattern opening as the beauty. There is a fundamental difference in meaning and form between the two. It doesn't matter whether the Ru kiln is open, and the Ru kiln is the best car section without lines. The opening of the Ru kiln is not intentional, defective products.

There will be a pattern opening, and the best is that the surface is smooth and without lines.

First of all, the color system is different, the "official kiln" is biased towards the blue-green cold color system, while the "brother kiln" is biased towards the yellow warm color system; Secondly, the pursuit of the opening is different, the "official kiln" wants "fish scales", and the "brother kiln" wants "gold wire"; Secondly, the "official kiln" has no films, and all the repairs are very regular, and the "brother kilns" are all open, and there are those who are not perfect enough.

Porcelain: Porcelain is made of porcelain stone, kaolin, quartz stone, mullite, etc., and the surface is glazed or painted. The forming of porcelain is to be fired at high temperature in the kiln, and the glaze color on the surface of the porcelain will undergo various chemical changes due to the different temperatures, which is a treasure displayed by Chinese civilization.

China is the homeland of porcelain, which is an important creation of the ancient working people. Xie Zhaoqian recorded in "Five Miscellaneous Works": "Today's common saying that the kiln is called the magnetic ware, and the most kilns are covered in Cizhou, so the name is extended."

Brother Ru Dingjun, a piece is worth a thousand gold. Among the "five famous kilns of the Song Dynasty" (Guan, Ge, Ru, Ding, Jun), the official kiln was ranked first, because the official kiln was directly built by the royal government.

The official kiln is divided into the official kiln of the Northern Song Dynasty and the official kiln of the Southern Song Dynasty. The official kiln celadon of Bianjing in the Northern Song Dynasty has something in common with the Ru kiln in terms of shape, glaze and craftsmanship. The glaze color has a variety of shades such as light blue, pink blue, gray blue, etc., the enamel is uniform and bright, large stripes, the fetal bone is dark gray or purple, the full glaze is wrapped in foot burning, and there are nail marks at the bottom of the vessel.

The official kiln of the Southern Song Dynasty is the continuation of the official kiln of Bianjing in the Northern Song Dynasty. The celadon ware of the early Southern Song Dynasty is thin and thin glazed celadon, the tire is thin and fine, the color is black brown or dark gray, the glaze color is mainly pink and green, and there are shades such as blue gray, green yellow and fried beige, the glaze layer is thin and moist, there are grain pieces, the full glaze is filled with nails and burned, and there are circular nail marks at the bottom of the vessel, and the quality of the work is high.

In the late Southern Song Dynasty, the firing of celadon in the official kiln pursued the texture of jade, changed the porcelain-making process bureau Minkuan, and created a thick glaze process of glaze and secondary firing of plain firing tires many times, and produced thin tire thick glazed celadons, the glaze was as bright and smooth as jade, and the glaze revealed horizontal and vertical intertwined crab claw pattern pieces or layers of ice crack pieces, which have endless mysteries. The specific practice of the thick glaze process is to first burn the blank at low temperature, and then apply three to four glazes, the glaze is as thick as a pile of grease, and then the high temperature is formed, and the general glaze layer thickness is more than 2 mm.

Compared with the official kiln, the Ge kiln ranks second, and has always been valued and concerned by the Tongliang court, dignitaries, collectors, connoisseurs, archaeologists, etc., but the exact kiln site has not been found so far. Ge kiln porcelain is very precious, according to statistics, there are only about 100 pieces in the world, mainly collected in the "Taipei Palace Museum", Beijing Palace Museum and other famous museums, the number is far less than the number of Yuan blue and white surviving. The earliest documentary record about the kiln can be found in the Ming Dynasty's "Xuande Ding Yi Spectrum":

The firewood, Ru, official, brother, and Ding kiln utensils are ...... in the inner libraryBecause the firewood kiln is said to be burned by five generations, it is difficult to see in the Ming Dynasty, so the five famous kilns listed in later generations, namely: official, brother, ru, ding, jun.

Since the kiln site of the Ge kiln has not yet been discovered, it is still impossible to uncover its mystery, it can be said that the Ge kiln porcelain is the most mysterious of the five famous kilns of the Song Dynasty.