What are the medicinal active chemical components of ginseng?

Ginsenosides (such as ginsenosides RG1, RB1, RE, etc.), polysaccharides.

Chemical composition of ginseng under modern medical analysis.

The most effective medicinal ingredient in ginseng is ginsenosides, and Chinese scientists have isolated 10 kinds of ginsenosides from domestic ginseng roots: RO, RBL, RB2, RC, RD, RE, RF, RGL, RG2, RG3. Fourteen monomers, including RBL, RB2, RC, RD, RE, 20-GLC-RF, RG2, RG3, RHL, RH2, Rh3, OR--ginsenoside Rh2 and Ginsenoside F2, were isolated from ginseng stems and leaves, and 8 ginsenosides including RB1, RB2, RC, RD, RE, RG1, RG--R)--RG2 were isolated from ginseng fruits.

Chinese scholars have also isolated the characteristic components that white ginseng does not have, namely Rh (R)--RG (R)--Rh1 and 20(R)-original ginseng diol from domestic red ginseng. This indicates that some saponin configurations have changed after ginseng has been processed.

Answer]: aThe test point of this question is the structural type of the main ingredient contained in common traditional Chinese medicine, Xiaopeicong. Bupleurum chinensis mainly contains saponins, volatile oils, polysaccharides, etc., and the structural types of saponins are triterpene saponins, and their aglycones are oleanocane-derived supernatants.

Ginseng contains ginsenosides, a small amount of volatile oil. The main ingredient in the oil is ginselene (Panacen, C15H24). Saponins have been reported to be isolated from the roots:

Ginsenosides A, B, C, D, E, and F (panaxosidea, B, C, D, E, F), etc. Ginsenoside A (C42H72O14), ginsenosiderg1.

Ginsenosides B and C were hydrolyzed to produce panaxatriol saponins, and 20 epiprotopanaxo diol saponins were obtained after the hydrolysis of ginsenosides D, E and F. Elemene (C15H24) was isolated from the low boiling point part of the ether extract. Ginseynol (C17H26O) was partially isolated from the high boiling point.

In addition, it also contains monosaccharides: glucose, fructose, sucrose, three trisaccharides: glucose, fructose, fructose, triglucose, glucose, glucose, fructose, ginseic acid (a mixture of palmitic acid, stearic acid and linoleic acid), vitamins (B1, B2, nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, pantothenic acid).

A variety of amino acids, choline, enzymes (maltase, invertase, esterase), spermine and cholamine. The aerial parts of ginseng contain flavonoids, known as panasenoside, trifolin, kaempferin, ginsenoside, sitosterol and sugars.

Ginseng has medicinal properties.

Modern medicine believes that ginseng has obvious effects on the nervous system, cardiovascular system, endocrine system, digestive system, reproductive system, respiratory system and surgical use.

Economy: The stems, leaves, flowers, fruits and by-products of ginseng are all raw materials for light industry, and the processing of goods such as cigarettes, wine, tea, crystals, and pastes containing ginseng ingredients are more popular with consumers. Ginseng cultivation is an important project for farmers to diversify, which can provide a lot of taxes and profits to the state.

Thinning of flowers. Ginseng is propagated by seeds. When selecting seeds, the seeds of five-year-old ginseng plants with relatively thick plants, more seeds, strong stress resistance, no diseases and pests, and good growth are generally selected. Less than five-year-old ginseng seeds are not full enough; Ginseng that is more than five years old is generally harvested and processed, leaving no seeds.

The inflorescence of the five-year-old ginseng has 40 to 50 flowers, and the seeds mature one after the other as the flowers open sequentially from the outer side to the inner side of the edge. After harvesting, mature and plump seeds can be selected and sown directly.

However, in order to make the ginseng seeds emerge quickly, well and neatly, the flowers on the inner and outer sides of the inflorescence are manually removed during the ginseng flowering period, and only 25 to 30 flowers that grow neatly in the middle are left for seeding, which are harvested from mid to late July to mid to early August when the ginseng fruits turn dark red.

After harvesting, the peel and pulp are rubbed off to obtain ginseng seeds, and then impurities are removed.

The above content reference:

Encyclopedia - Ginseng.

Improve immunity: The ginsenosides and ginseng polysaccharides in ginseng can not only improve the immunity of normal people, but also effectively improve the immune function of people with low immunity.

Improve stress ability: Ginseng contains ginseside, which can improve the body's ability to cope with stress and help the body better resist hypoxia, high temperature and low temperature.

Improve myocardial function: Ginseng can improve myocardial function, increase coronary blood flow and slow down heart rate, and can effectively prevent and treat symptoms such as myocardial ischemia and arrhythmia.

Regulates the central nervous system: Ginseng can regulate the central nervous system, balance the excitatory and inhibitory processes of the brain, and help improve the efficiency of mental and physical labor.

Improves learning and memory: Ginseng contains ginsenosides, which can improve learning ability and memory.

Anti-tumor: Ginseng contains ginsenosides, ginseng polysaccharides, ginseng enols and volatile oils, which help the human body fight tumors.

Lowering blood sugar: Ginseng contains ginsenosides and ginseng polysaccharides, which can help the body lower blood sugar.

Anti-aging: Ginseng contains antioxidants such as ginsenosides and ginsenodiol saponins, which can help the body better resist aging.

Chemical composition and pharmacological effects of ginseng: Ginseng has pharmacological effects such as central nervous system excitation, cardiotonic, blood tonic, hypoglycemic, anti-tumor, and anti-radiation. In clinical practice, it can be used for anemia, diabetes, liver disease, sexual dysfunction, hypertension and atherosclerosis, neurasthenia, mental illness, gastric ulcer, old age and frailty, recurrent colds, chronic diarrhea, chronic nephritis, acute respiratory insufficiency, asthma, ethanol poisoning, prolonged diarrhea and prolapse of the anus.

Ginseng contains a variety of medicinal ingredients and nutrients, including more than 30 kinds of ginsenosides, as well as ginseng polysaccharides, polypeptides, maltol and other important active substances, contains more than 40 kinds of volatile components, 17 kinds of amino acids, more than 30 kinds of trace elements, in addition, it also contains a variety of vitamins and organic acids.

The results showed that the ginsenoside rh2 converted from red ginseng had obvious anti-cancer and anti-cancer effects. Ginseng glycopeptides have hypoglycemic effects; Pyromeric amino acids can regulate endocrine, **diabetes; The anti-cancer effect of ginseng halophynyl has attracted great attention from ginseng experts at home and abroad.

In addition, ginseng has the effect of expanding the capillaries of the head, increasing the nutritional toughness of the hair, improving the tensile strength and extensibility of the hair, thereby reducing hair breakage and hair loss. Because the hair soaked with ginseng, the saponins in ginseng can directly enter the hair fibers, and the longer the soaking time, the more saponins enter the hair, which is several times higher than ordinary protein hydrolysates. In addition, ginsenosides also have the characteristics of non-ionic surfactants, which allow saponins to diffuse in hair keratin.

The roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds of ginseng contain various saponins, amino acids, volatile oils, sugars, and vitamins, and are highly valued and welcomed by the ginseng as a nourishing and strong precious medicinal plant at home and abroad.

1) Saponins: Ginsenosides are conjugates of ginsenosides and sugars. There are 3 kinds of saponins, which are composed of 3 kinds of saponins with sugars: oleanolic acid saponins, ginseng diol saponins and ginseng triol saponins, and 46 compounds have been separated from ginseng so far.

2) There are three main types of volatile oil components of ginseng: the first is sesquiterpenoids, the second is long-chain saturated acids, and the third is a small amount of aromatic hydrocarbons. The first category is the main component of ginseng volatile oil.

So far, more than 40 volatile oil components have been obtained from ginseng. (3) The contents of amino acids and peptides of ginseng were different in each organ, with more threonine in the main root and lateral roots, more aspartic acid in fibrous roots, more glutamic acid in reeds, more serine in leaves, and more proline in flower buds. Scholars at home and abroad have isolated five kinds of polypeptide substances from ginseng.

4) There are many kinds of sugars, including glucose, fructose, arabinose and xylose; Oligosaccharides have disaccharides, namely sucrose, maltose, etc.; Trisaccharides: ginseng trisaccharide a, b, c, and d; Polysaccharides are mainly starch and pectin. Polysaccharides are water-soluble and alkali-soluble, and most of them are water-soluble. Polysaccharides can be hydrolyzed by acid to obtain a variety of sugars, and dozens of polysaccharides have been isolated and purified from ginseng.

5) Other components of vitamins, including B1, B2, C and other vitamins; More than 20 trace elements have been detected, including iron, copper, zinc, manganese, cobalt, selenium, nickel, etc., which are essential for the human body; The essential macroelements of the human body are potassium, sodium, calcium, and magnesium; Leaves and flower buds contain kaempferol, tricoligosides, and ginseng flavonoid glycosides.

The main ingredient of fresh ginseng is water, and the main ingredient of dried ginseng is carbohydrates. Do you want to ask about the active ingredient of ginseng, the active ingredient of ginseng is saponin, and saponin is not the main ingredient.

The main components are a variety of saponins and polysaccharides.

Ginsenosides are the main components of ginseng and are the main indicators for evaluating ginseng. Roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits all contain ginsenosides, but each has a different main component and has different effects.

The saponin content of ginseng root is about 5%, the content of ginseng flower is about 5 times that of root, the content of ginseng pulp and ginseng bud are 4 times that of taproot, the content of ginseng rhizome (reed) is 3 times that of taproot, and the total saponin content of ginseng fibrous root and ginseng leaf is 2 times that of taproot.

Ginseng stem saponin content is low, only. The saponin content of ginseng seeds is: At present, researchers have isolated and extracted at least 37 kinds of ginseng monomeric saponins from ginseng roots.

Its ingredients include saponins, volatile oils, ginsenic acid, vitamins, sugars and enzymes.