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In paleoanthropology, the multi-origin theory is one of the two main hypotheses of human origin, the other being the single-origin theory. However, since the 1990s, the genetic evidence has been more supportive of the mono-origin theory. However, there is still a certain number of scholars who support the theory of multiple origins.
Strictly speaking, the original theory still acknowledges that the common ancestors of mankind originated in Africa, and that different species evolved from different apes in the nineteenth century, but the different mono-origin theory holds that the first people who left Africa evolved into local modern humans in different places.
The term was first coined in the 1980s by University of Michigan professor Milford H. Wobovwolpoff). The hypothesis argues:
After the ancestors of humans (Homo ergaster, or Homo erectus) left Africa 1.5 million years ago, they began to evolve on their own around the world, including Neanderthas, Pekingese and Javanese, and adapted to their local environment.
According to Wappov, humans all over the world evolved in parallel at the same time into today's modern man. Humans in different regions evolved in different directions due to their geographical isolation; But on the other hand, other complex factors such as selection, mutation, genetic drift, and gene flow have led modern humans to evolve in roughly the same direction. Eventually, the diversity of human beings in some places was replaced and disappeared, so that today's modern people retain some local characteristics but share more similarities.
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The theory of multiple origins is incorrect, and millions of years of separate evolution will definitely produce reproductive isolation
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b.The irreconcilable product of class contradictions and class struggle.
1. According to the Marxist theory of the origin of the state, the state is the product of irreconcilable class contradictions, the economically dominant class "which has acquired new means of suppressing and exploiting the oppressed classes".
This is the basic point of divergence between Marxism and all petty-bourgeois and bourgeois ideologists on the origin of the state.
2. Before the emergence of the state, human society was in a primitive state of society. Engels pointed out that the emergence of the state is the inevitable result of the development of human society. There have always been two kinds of production in human society, namely, the production of material and spiritual materials (the production of clothing, food, shelter and production tools) and the production of human beings themselves (the reproduction of human races and the development of marriage and family forms).
The social system is conditioned by these two types of production.
When the level of material material production was low, the clan system, which was linked by blood relations, became the basic social system for managing society before the emergence of the state. With the development of the production of material materials, the production relations formed by people in the process of material material production have gradually replaced blood relations, which has brought about fundamental changes in the social structure.
The new social system replaced the clan system, which was determined by blood ties, and this was the state system with public power. Engels once emphasized that the state is the product of irreconcilable class contradictions, pointed out that the disintegration of the primitive social system is a gradual process, and the development of material means production, the emergence of private ownership of the family, and the formation of the slave class are the prerequisites for the emergence of the state.
In primitive societies, slaves appeared when production developed to the first great division of labor (the separation of agriculture and animal husbandry), and in the second great division of labor (the separation of agriculture and handicrafts), slaves had become the main labor force in agriculture and handicrafts. At this time, the state had not yet appeared, only classes were formed, and the state appeared when the contradictions between the two opposing classes reached irreconcilability.
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The four options provided in Answer B are all about the country and are correct, but the question has been limited to "from origin", so only B can be selected. Answer: B.
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In the 1930s, the German anthropologist Franz Weidenreich, when studying Pekingese, argued that Pekingese had many similarities with modern Asians. According to Wei Dunrui, the human race evolved from ancient Homo erectus to today's Homo sapiens; At the same time, gene flow occurs between different humans.
According to Wei Dunrui, genes for general adaptations (such as intelligence and communication ability) flow more quickly from one part of the world to other places, while genes for local adaptations flow more slowly.
In the 1960s, the American anthropologist Carlton Coon had a similar theory of multiple origins. Kuhn believed that modern humans evolved in parallel from five different species of humans (Caucasian, Congolese, Cape,, and Australian). Kuhn also argues that some races evolved into the modern human stage earlier than others, leading to the progress of some human civilizations over others[1].
He believed that the Caucasian and races were superior to the other races. [2] The theory became so unpopular in the mid-1960s that it was seen as justifying apartheid, and Kuhn was forced to resign as president of the American Society for Morphological Anthropology.
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The four options provided in the answer B are all about the country's only fight, and they are all correct, but the question has limited the meaning of "from the origin" to grinding, so you can only choose B. Answer: B.
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