According to the classification of public goods, public goods can be divided into pure public goods

1. Pure public goods.

Refers to the fact that it is generally not exclusive.

or/and/or competitive, once produced, it is not possible to call a commodity to which some people are excluded as a (pure) public good.

2. The scope of quasi-public goods is very broad, it is between private goods and pure public goods, and it has limited non-exclusivity and non-competition.

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A public good is an item that is used or consumed in the public sector. Public goods are goods that can be enjoyed by members of society, and public goods in the strict sense are non-competitive and non-exclusive. Non-competition means that one person's consumption of a public good does not affect the consuming of the product and the utility derived from it by others, i.e., the marginal cost of providing the good to another consumer at a given level of production is zero.

Non-exclusivity means that when a person consumes a public good, it cannot exclude others from consuming the good (whether they pay for it or not), or the cost of exclusion is high.

Commodities that are not usually exclusive or (and) competitive, and once produced, cannot be called (pure) public goods to the exclusion of certain people. The so-called exclusivity of the commodity means that the producer or purchaser of the commodity can easily exclude others from the benefits of obtaining the commodity; The competitiveness of a good means that the quantity of goods consumed is related to the cost of producing that quantity.

Therefore, the key to determining whether it is a public good is to see whether it is non-exclusive and non-competitive.

There are several classifications:

The first category is pure public goods, that is, they are both non-exclusive and non-competitive; The second type of public goods is characterized by non-competitive consumption, but it can be easily exclusive, and some scholars vividly refer to this kind of goods as club goods. The third type of public goods is the opposite of club goods, that is, they are competitive in consumption, but they cannot be effectively exclusive, and some scholars refer to such goods as common resources or public pond resource goods. Club goods and common resource goods are collectively referred to as "quasi-public goods", i.e., they are not non-exclusive and non-competitive at the same time. Quasi-public goods generally have the characteristics of "crowding", that is, when the number of consumers increases to a certain value, there will be a situation where the marginal cost is positive, rather than increasing a person's consumption like pure public goods, and the marginal cost is zero.

After the quasi-public goods reach the "congestion point", each additional person will reduce the utility of the original consumer. The classification of public goods and the characteristics of "crowding" of quasi-public goods provide a theoretical basis for the multiplicity of public service products.

In addition, public goods can also be classified as follows:

1) Pure public goods: completely non-competitive and non-exclusive, such as national defense and lighthouses, etc., usually provided free of charge. It's not very common in real life.

2) Quasi-public goods: with limited non-competition and partial exclusivity. That is, beyond a certain critical point, non-competition and non-exclusivity will disappear, and crowding will appear. Quasi-public goods can be divided into two categories:

a.Public welfare goods. Such as compulsory education, public libraries, museums, parks, etc.

b Public utility goods, also known as natural monopoly products. Such as telecommunications, electricity, tap water, pipelines, gas, etc.

In accordance with public goodsNatureClassification, public goods can be divided into pure public goods and quasi-public goods.

Quasi-public goods:

Quasi-public goods are a type of public goods that have a large degree of externality in terms of consumption. It has two properties: contention in consumption, i.e. one person's consumption of an item may reduce the consumption (quality and quantity) of others on that item; There is exclusion in consumption, i.e. only those who pay for the price can enjoy the item.

Quasi-public goods exist in abundance in reality, such as most urban utilities, public education and health care services, and so on.

Purely public goods:

1.Indivisibility of utility: A public good or service is provided to the whole society, with the characteristics of common benefit or joint consumption, and its utility is shared by the members of the whole society, and cannot be enjoyed separately or limitedly.

2.Non-competitive nature of consumption: the enjoyment of public goods or services by a person or enterprise does not exclude or hinder the simultaneous enjoyment of other persons or enterprises, nor does it reduce the quantity or quality of enjoyment by other persons or enterprises.

3.Non-exclusivity of benefits: It is not technically possible to exclude individuals or businesses who refuse to pay for them from the scope of benefits of public goods or services.

According to the classification of public goods, public goods can be divided into pure public goods and quasi-public goods.

a.Scope of benefits.

b.Naturec.Come to the source.

d.Function. Correct You Bi Answer:

1. Public goods are goods or services that cannot be provided by the private sector through the market but must be provided by the public sector in a non-market manner.

2. Features:

Indivisibility of utility. Public goods are provided to society as a whole and have the characteristics of common benefit or joint consumption. People in the whole society can enjoy the jujube together, but it cannot be divided into several parts and belong to certain individuals, families or enterprises.

Consumption is not exclusive. That is, the enjoyment of public goods by a person, family or enterprise does not affect or hinder the enjoyment of other people, households or enterprises at the same time.

The unstoppable nature of the benefits. That is, there is no technical way to exclude individuals, families or enterprises that refuse to pay for them from the scope of benefits of public goods.

3. Classification: The first category is pure public goods, that is, they are non-exclusive and non-competitive at the same time.

The second type of public goods is characterized by non-competitive consumption, but it can be easily exclusive, and some scholars vividly refer to this kind of goods as club goods.

The third type of public goods is the opposite of club goods, that is, they are competitive in consumption, but they cannot be effectively exclusive, and some scholars refer to such goods as common resources or public pond resource goods. Club goods and common resource goods are collectively referred to as "quasi-public goods, i.e., they are not both non-exclusive and non-competitive."

Answer] :d only goods that have both non-competitive and non-exclusive characteristics are truly public goods.