An overview of the state of commercial development in the Han Dynasty 30

The Han dynasty had the same system of land ownership as the Qin dynasty, with land privately owned and freely bought and sold. The landowner is required to pay a tax to the state on cultivated land, which is 1/15 or 1/30 of the yield per mu. Population taxes are divided into calculated taxes and oral taxes.

Men and women between the ages of 15 and 56 pay 120 yuan per person per year. The oral levy is a child tax, which is paid by each child between the ages of seven and fourteen twenty cents per year. In the early days of the Western Han Dynasty, the policy of emphasizing agriculture and suppressing commerce was pursued, and although agricultural production was restored, the economic power was slightly insufficient, and the status of merchants was low.

During the Wenjing period, at the suggestion of Chao Cuo, the policy of Guisu was changed, and the country's grain stocks further soared, and the economic strength also exploded, and the status of merchants also improved to a certain extent. During the reign of Emperor Yuan of the Han Dynasty, land concentration became increasingly serious, and a large number of yeoman farmers went bankrupt and became tenant farmers. Haoqiang Manor is becoming more and more powerful.

In the later period of the Eastern Han Dynasty, this phenomenon was even worse, and the expansion of the power of the landlord manor also indirectly led to the formation of the Three Kingdoms situation. During the Han Dynasty, ox ploughing with iron farming tools was the most important production tool, and the most important ploughing method was the two oxen lifting the bar. Some new farming methods, such as the Daitian method and the district field method, were born one after another.

The state attaches great importance to the construction of water conservancy, especially in the Guanzhong region. The famous canals include Chengguo Canal, Liufu Canal, White Canal, etc. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, water conservancy tools such as overturned cars and thirsty black appeared, which increased agricultural production efficiency.

Iron smelting. In the early Western Han Dynasty, the iron smelting industry was divided into three types: state-run (****), government-run (locally-operated) and private. At that time, the famous iron-smelting family included Zhuo Wangsun, Nanyang Kong's family and so on.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty collected iron smelting for the state in the third year of Yuanzhan, which was more beneficial to the national finances, but there was little private iron smelting industry among the people. This policy has not changed since. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the iron-smelting industry was self-operated by the society, and with the invention of water drainage, the iron-smelting industry was more developed.

The textile industry in the Han Dynasty was also divided into state-owned and private-owned, and the famous folk textile industry was Chen Baoguang and so on. By the Eastern Han Dynasty, sericulture began to be promoted in the Yangtze River basin and Lingnan, especially in Sichuan. Shu brocade is more valuable, and even became a major source of wealth for Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period.

Commerce. In the early days of the Western Han Dynasty, the policy of emphasizing agriculture and suppressing commerce was pursued, and the status of merchants was low. During the period of Emperor Wen, under the policy of Guisu, merchants bid for titles and expanded the first field, which promoted the rapid development of the country's economy, and its status was improved.

During the Western Han Dynasty, there were several commercial centers in the country, such as Chang'an, Luoyang, Handan, Jiangling, Wu, Shouchun, Panyu, Chengdu, etc. The Silk Road was the most important trade route in the world at that time. With the development of business, some business philosophies have emerged.

By the Eastern Han Dynasty, the trade routes in the Central Plains were developed, and the exchange of goods from various places became more frequent.

1.A large number of commercial cities have emerged;

2.There are strict regional restrictions on business activities (or ** setting up a market to carry out business activities);

3.The government has strengthened its management of commercial activities.

During the Han Dynasty, many large commercial cities appeared.

After the establishment of the Eastern Han Dynasty, social production was restored and developed.

In the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, monetary unity was restored, which was conducive to the development of commerce.

Chang'an, the capital, is also a big commercial city with developed transportation.

Guanzhong area. ** and to the Western Regions.

It's okay, but it's not better than the Tang Dynasty.

1. The emergence of a unified situation and the stable development of society. Liu Bang, the founding emperor of the Western Han Dynasty, swept away the remnants of the Six Kingdoms and defeated Xiang Yu, the overlord of Western Chu, and achieved a generation of imperial foundations, making the Western Han Dynasty a unified dynasty in Chinese history after the Qin Dynasty.

2. The rulers implemented measures conducive to economic development, and agriculture, handicrafts, commerce, etc. were developed. Through the "rule of Wenjing", taxes were reduced, the people recuperated, and the national strength of the Western Han Dynasty gradually became stronger.

3. A broad and profound cultural system has been formed, and culture has prospered and developed. It is manifested in the prosperity of Tang poetry, the spread of religion, calligraphy, painting, and sculpture.

4. Progress in science and technology. At that time, science and technology in the Han Dynasty were far ahead of the world. Papermaking, one of the four great inventions, was born and had a huge impact on the world.

Impact: The Western Han Dynasty became China's first unified and powerful empire. Through a series of political and economic reforms, the country has become strong and the people have been happy, presenting a scene of peace and prosperity.

Analysis of the development of the "city" in the Han Dynasty:

1. From the Warring States period to the Qin Dynasty, the number, scale, urban form and architectural level of cities in the Han Dynasty have developed greatly compared with the previous generations, and the economic functions induced by the political functions of cities have also been enhanced.

2. The shops and vendors in the city are arranged according to the types of commodities they operate, which are called columns, shops, sub-shops, columns, markets or markets. The passage between the columns is called the tunnel, and there is a warehouse for storing goods behind the columns, called shops, and in addition to private merchants operating in the city, ** also send people to ** government handicraft products and ** other materials in their hands;

3. From the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty, the pattern of urban construction has always been to guess the division of the city and the fang, not to live in the city, and not to set up shops in the fang

Despite the anti-commercial policies implemented during the Qin and Han dynasties, industry and commerce achieved unprecedented development.

1 Manifestations of business prosperity.

1) Domestic** There are many kinds of commodities in the domestic market, and the circulation of commodities is very active; As a place for commercial activities, the city is unprecedentedly developed, and commercial cities such as Xianyang, Chang'an, and Luoyang are large in scale and unprecedentedly prosperous.

2) International**.

First, the opening of the "Silk Road" has established the main artery of Sino-Western transportation, and the opening of the Silk Road has made China's ironware, silk, lacquerware, jade and other products flow westward, while Western horses and some important agricultural and sideline products such as grapes, broad beans, carrots, etc. have also been introduced into our country.

second, with the countries of Southeast Asia;

Third, commercial exchanges with Korea and Japan were also initiated, such as China's ironware, silk fabrics, and sericulture technology were gradually introduced to Japan.

2 Reasons for the business boom.

1) After the Qin unified China, it carried out measures such as the unification of currency, writing, weights and measures, which created conditions for the prosperity of commerce;

2) the recovery and development of agriculture and handicrafts, which promoted the prosperity of commerce;

3) The reduction of checkpoints, the relaxation of the ban on the mountains, and the development of transportation have provided a guarantee for the prosperity of commerce.

During the Qin and Han dynasties, the commercial development ratio was more difficult The overall level was not high, due to the opening of the land and sea Silk Road, China and foreign countries were more developed, and the merchants of the Han Dynasty became one of the most active social groups in social exchanges.

Pre-Qin: Commerce Cause: The Shang Dynasty was known for being good at business, forming a fixed occupation, and later generations called those who engaged in commercial activities merchants.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the situation of government control over commerce was broken, and the social status of merchants was improved. Overview: Shang Dynasty:

The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period: The situation of the government's control of commerce was broken, the social status of merchants was raised, and many commodity markets and large merchants with strong assets appeared in various places. For example, Fan Li 2, Qin Han:

Initial development of commerce Reason: Qin Shi Huang unified currency, weights and measures, and built Chi Road. The socio-economic recovery and development of the early Han Dynasty (the main reasons), the opening of the land and maritime Silk Road by the Han Dynasty Overview:

The law is a cheap businessman, and the businessman has become rich and noble" shows that business has developed in the midst of repression. Foreign trade begins.

First of all, the unification of the whole country and the political stability provide a good environment;

secondly, the unification of writing, currency, and weights and measures is conducive to exchanges among regions and promotes commercial development; Thirdly, the development of roads and other transportation facilities provides conditions; In addition, there is the development of the country's economy, the improvement of the people's living standards!

In the Qin Dynasty, there were a large number of reforms, such as the writing system.

1. Unit of measurement.

1. Legal reforms, etc., which had such a great impact on society that there was no economic boom in the Qin Dynasty, but laid the foundation for the prosperity of the Han Dynasty.

In the Han Dynasty, due to the previous wars, from Liu Bang, the ancestor of the Han Dynasty, to Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty, the policy of leniency and thin punishment was implemented, so that the basic industries (basically agriculture and handicrafts) were greatly developed, and the friendly policy towards the Xiongnu was implemented in foreign countries, which further promoted the national strength.

After Liu Che, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, ascended the throne, because of the strong national strength and the accumulation of money in the people, he increased his taxes, and implemented the policy of monopoly of state-owned enterprises in the two major livelihood industries of salt and iron, and also changed the previous friendly policy with foreign countries, and went to the Xiongnu three times, greatly expanding the territory and opening up the Silk Road, which directly promoted the rapid development of Han's foreign trade and exports during this period.

After Liu Che's death, it was Emperor Zhao of the Han Dynasty and Emperor Xuan of the Han Dynasty, at this time, the Han Dynasty had reached its peak in terms of economic exports, domestic basic industries, and military strength, and the borders were relatively stable.

After the heyday, due to the outflow of power and the rise of the Wang family, the Western Han Dynasty perished. By the time of the Eastern Han Dynasty, there was basically no decent economic prosperity.

The government has set up a city order or the mayor to strictly manage market transactions, open and close the market on time, and no trading is allowed after the market is closed. The capital of the Western Han Dynasty, Chang'an City, is in the east, and there are nine cities in the west.