The similarities between the civilian industry organized by the Westernists and the modern national

Most of the civilian industries in the places where the D1 Westernists were held were joint ventures between government and business, while the modern national industries were privately run. A false.

2. The civilian industry organized by the Westernists adapted to the needs of the military industry, but the modern national industry did not. B false.

Item 3c is clearly incorrect.

The civilian enterprises founded by the Westernization Movement are: Machine Weaving Layout (Li Hongzhang), Kaiping Mining Bureau (Li Hongzhang), Lanzhou Weaving Bureau (Zuo Zongtang), Hubei Weaving Bureau (Zhang Zhidong).

The military industries founded by the Westernization Movement include: Anqingnei Ordnance Institute (Zeng Guopan), Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau (Li Hongzhang), Steamship Merchants Bureau (Li Hongzhang), Steamship Merchants Bureau (Li Hongzhang), Telegraph Administration Bureau (Li Hongzhang), Fuzhou Shipbuilding Bureau (Zuo Zongtang), and Hanyang Iron Works (Zhang Zhidong).

The purpose of the Westernists to set up civilian industries is mainly in the following aspects:

1.Strengthening the country and enriching the people: The Westernists recognized that at that time, China was in the midst of social turmoil and national crisis, and economic development was the foundation of the country's prosperity and strength.

They hope to enhance the country's prosperity and stability by developing civilian industries and improving the country's economic strength and people's living standards.

2.Bridging the gap with Western countries: Westernists are deeply aware that there is a huge gap between China and Western countries in terms of military, economy, and science and technology.

Therefore, they hope to catch up with Western countries in the field of civilian industry and narrow the gap with Western countries by introducing advanced science and technology and industrial machinery from the West.

3.Improving National Defense Capabilities: Westernists believe that the country's self-sufficiency and defense capabilities can only be improved through the development of strong industries.

They realized that a strong economic strength and industrial base are the source of a country's military strength, and that only a strong national defense capability can guarantee the country's independence and security.

4.Protecting national interests: At that time, China was suffering from aggression and plunder by Western powers, and the Westernists realized that only through the development of civilian industries through self-reliance could they reduce their dependence on foreign countries and protect their national interests and independence.

5.Promoting social change: The Westernists set up civilian industries not only for economic and economic development, but also to promote the process of social change and modernization in China.

They hope that by introducing industrial technology and management experience from the West, they will change the old traditions and backward ideological concepts of Chinese society and promote the modernization and democratization of Chinese society.

In short, the purpose of the Westernists in setting up civilian industries is to realize the country's prosperity and independence, narrow the gap with Western countries, improve the country's self-sufficiency and national defense capability, protect the country's interests, and promote the process of social change and modernization in China.

The Westernization MovementThe Westernists first set up a military industry. Before 1890, more than 20 factories of military industrial bureaus were established throughout the country. In 1865, Zeng Guofan supported and Li Hongzhang organized the Shanghai Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau, which was the largest arsenal in China at that time.

The Westernization Movement, also known as the Self-Improvement Movement. It was a self-defeating campaign carried out by the Westernists of the late Qing Dynasty from the 60s to the 90s of the 19th century to introduce Western military equipment, machine production and science and technology to save the Qing Dynasty.

a. Jiangnan Machinery Manufacturing Bureau.

On September 20, 1865, Zeng Guofan and Li Hongzhang established the Jiangnan Machinery Manufacturing Bureau in Shanghai, also known as the Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau, the Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau, the Shanghai Machinery Bureau, and the Shanghai Manufacturing Bureau.

This is a modern military industrial production institution established in the Qing Dynasty's Westernization Movement, the most important military factory in China in the late Qing Dynasty, and the largest modern military enterprise opened by the Qing Dynasty's Westernization faction.

The early factory building of Jiangnan Machinery Manufacturing Bureau is also one of the earliest modern factories. It is the predecessor of Jiangnan Shipyard and the largest munitions factory in modern China.

The Westernization Movement did not make China rich and strong, but it introduced advanced science and technology from the West, which led to the emergence of the first batch of modern industrial enterprises in China, which objectively promoted the development of Chinese capitalism and promoted the process of China's modernization.

The Westernists learned Western military technology, introduced Western machinery and equipment and production, manufactured guns, ships, and founded a number of military industries.

In the early days of the Westernization Movement, under the slogan of "self-improvement", the Westernists established new military industries in various provinces to strengthen their military power by introducing large-scale machine production technology. Such as Anqing Arsenal (Anqing, Anhui Province, Zeng Guofan), Tianjin Machinery Manufacturing Bureau (Tianjin, Chonghou), Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau (Shanghai, Li Hongzhang), Hanyang Arsenal (Hubei Hanyang, Zhangzhidong), Jinling Machinery Manufacturing Bureau (Nanjing, Li Hongzhang), Fuzhou Shipbuilding Bureau (Fuzhou, Zuo Zongtang, Shen Baozhen) and Xi'an Machinery Bureau (Xi'an, Zuo Zongtang) and so on. However, due to the old-fashioned bureaucratic management of production management, and the fact that the products are only for the best use, regardless of the cost, most of the products of these military industries are not profitable, so they rarely continue to invest in expanding production.

The military industry founded by the Westernists is completely government-run, and its funds are mainly customs duties, military salaries, and cents. The products produced are directly allocated to the Hunan army, the Huai army and the military of the coastal provinces without passing through the market circulation field. After the 80s of the 19th century, due to the shortage of funds in various bureaus and factories, the previous allocation method of not counting ** has changed.

For example, Nanyang and Guangdong successively ordered military ships from the Fuzhou Shipping Bureau, and both paid about half of the ship price in advance in the name of the agreement. After that, whichever of the coastal provinces needed troops and ships was raised by the province. And in accordance with the Fuzhou Shipbuilding Bureau's example of building fast ships on behalf of Nanyang.

The Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau and the Tianjin Machinery Bureau have their annual revenues to return the arms expenses of the provinces. At the same time, the production of various arms factories is also affected by the international arms market to a certain extent, and if the cost and selling price of a certain product are too high that of the international market, production will be stopped. This shows that although arms production is run by the government and is not carried out for exchange, it cannot completely circumvent the constraints of the law of value.

Thus, these military industries gradually took on a capitalist character.

The rise of modern national industry (in the sixties and seventies of the 19th century, the Westernists founded a number of modern military and civilian industrial enterprises, which promoted the emergence and development of China's modern national industry. In addition to the government-run enterprises of the Western-style faction, there are two ways for the emergence of modern national industries: one is that some small and medium-sized landlords, bureaucrats, compradors, businessmen, and overseas Chinese invest in modern industrial and mining enterprises; The other is that part of the original manual workshop was produced by machines and transformed into a modern industrial and mining enterprise).

The focus of disagreement is whether or not Western-style enterprises are considered national industries. Modern industry is relative to the traditional handicraft industry, that is, the enterprises that use machines to produce, so the foreign enterprises and private capitalist enterprises belong to the modern industry; The nation is relative to foreign countries, so the foreign enterprises and private capitalist enterprises also belong to the national industry; As for national capitalism, it mainly refers to private capitalism, that is, private industry and commerce.

The common characteristics of modern Chinese foreign enterprises, military enterprises founded during the Westernization Movement, and national capitalist enterprises are all modern industries that use machines.