What is a non cooperative game? What is cooperative gaming?

1. Non-cooperative games.

It refers to the fact that in a strategic environment, a non-cooperative framework treats all people's actions as individual actions. It mainly emphasizes that one person makes autonomous decisions regardless of others in this strategic environment.

The game does not contain only elements of conflict, and in many cases, it contains elements of both conflict and cooperation. That is, conflict and cooperation overlap.

2. Cooperative game refers to the game carried out by some participants in the form of alliance and cooperation, and the game activity is the confrontation between different groups. In a cooperative game, participants do not necessarily act cooperatively, but there is an external body that punishes non-collaborators.

Cooperative games are also known as positive-sum games.

It refers to the increase in the interests of both sides of the game, or at least the increase in the interests of one party, while the interests of the other side are not harmed, so the interests of the whole society have increased.

Games are divided into cooperative and non-cooperative games based on whether a binding agreement can be reached.

A cooperative game, also known as a positive-sum game, refers to an increase in the interests of both sides of the game, or at least an increase in the interests of one party, while the interests of the other side are not harmed, so that the interests of the whole society increase. Cooperative games study how people distribute the benefits of cooperation when they reach cooperation, that is, the problem of benefit distribution. Cooperative games take a cooperative approach, or a compromise.

Compromise can promote the interests of both sides of the compromise and the interests of society as a whole, because cooperative games can produce a cooperative surplus. This surplus arises from this relationship and manner, and is limited to it. As for how the cooperation surplus is distributed among the players in the game, it depends on the balance of power and the use of skills of the parties in the game.

Therefore, the compromise must go through the bargaining of all parties in the game, reach a consensus, and cooperate. Here, the distribution of the surplus of cooperation is both the result of a compromise and the condition for reaching a compromise.

Cooperative games emphasize collectivism, collective rationality, efficiency, fairness, and justice. It is the study of how to distribute the benefits of cooperation when people reach cooperation, that is, the distribution of benefits. Non-cooperative game is the study of how people choose decisions to maximize their benefits in a situation where interests affect each other, that is, the problem of strategy choice. Complete information: Incomplete information game refers to the fact that participants have a full understanding of the strategy space and the payment under the strategy combination of all participants, which is called complete information; Otherwise, it is called incomplete information.

A static game is one in which participants act at the same time, or the strategy of the first actor is not known to the latter despite the sequence. A dynamic game is one in which the actions of both parties are sequential and the latter can know the strategy of the first actor.

Cooperative game is that there is such an agreement, and then there is a game between everyone, and as a result, this agreement may or may not be executed, but it is called a cooperative game; The so-called non-cooperative game is the play between everyone without any constraints, and as a result, an agreement may be produced or it may not be played, and it may even be a lose-lose game, which are all non-cooperative games. To put it bluntly, non-cooperative games should be regarded as the primitive state of phenomenology. As for the shift from non-cooperative games to cooperative games, I mean, now ** and even some so-called research reports mention this, it seems that there is some kind of dynamic transition relationship between non-cooperative games and cooperative games, which is not right.

However, from the perspective of the characteristics of social development, it does not seem wrong to say that there is a shift from a non-cooperative game to a cooperative game, which does not mean that there is a direct dynamic relationship between the two, but that the nature of social interaction has changed. My personal understanding is that in the past 30 years, we have basically completed the transformation from cooperative games to non-cooperative games, or the Chinese people have finally learned to swim in the sea of market economy, but now we have to relearn how to play cooperative games, which is why we are increasingly emphasizing systems and rules.

Answer] :(1) The meaning of the game.

Game theory, also known as strategy theory, is a theory that describes and analyzes the countermeasure behavior of multiple people, borrowed from chess, bridge, and war, and is widely used in economics, such as to show the interdependent competition characteristics of oligarchs. Modern economic game theory began in 1944 with von Neumann and Morgenstern's book Game Theory and Economic Behavior.

Games are divided into cooperative games and non-cooperative games according to whether the participants can reach an agreement with each other. If an agreement can be reached, it is called a cooperative game, and the cooperative game emphasizes team rationality; Failure to reach an agreement is called a non-cooperative game, and a non-cooperative game focuses more on individual rationality.

2) The difference between cooperative and non-cooperative games and their respective examples.

The main difference between cooperative and non-cooperative games is a binding contract, i.e., an agreement that both parties must adhere to, which is possible in a cooperative game, but not in a non-cooperative game. An example of a cooperative game is when two players in an industry negotiate a joint investment to develop a new technology (neither of which has the knowledge to succeed on its own). If the two vendors are able to enter into a binding contract for the distribution of such a high share of the profits of the joint investment, the result of a cooperation that benefits both parties is possible.

An example of a non-cooperative game is a situation in which two competing manufacturers consider each other's possible behaviors and independently determine a ** or advertising strategy to gain market share.

That is to say, in a strategy portfolio, all participants are faced with a situation where when others change their strategies, their strategy is the best. In other words, if he changes his strategy at this time, his payout may be lowered.

Your choices must take into account the choices of others, and the choices of others also consider your choices. Your outcome (known in game theory as pay off) depends not only on your choice of action (game theory calls it a choice of strategy), but also on the choice of strategy of others. You and this group of people form a game.

Case Study: The Prisoner Dilemma Match.

Let's say you're playing a prisoner's dilemma with a "suspect" who is locked up in another room. Moreover, imagine that this game is not played once, but many times. The final score you get for your game is the total number of years you have been imprisoned.

You want to make that score as low as possible. What strategy should you use? Should you start by confessing or keeping silent?

How will the actions of another participant affect your confessional decisions later on?

The prisoner dilemma is a complex game. To encourage cooperation, participants should punish each other for uncooperative behavior. But the previously described strategy of Jack and Jill's water cartel – that as long as the other defaults, one party defaults forever – is not forgiven.

In a game that has been repeated many times, it may be more desirable to allow participants to return to the outcome of the cooperation after a period of non-cooperation.

To illustrate which strategy is best, political scientist Robert? Robert Axelrod played a match. People enter the game through a computer program designed to repeatedly play the prisoner's dilemma.

Each program in which the game is played corresponds to all the others. The one who gets the procedure with the fewest total years in prison is the "winner".

The winner results in a simple strategy known as a pay-for-one. According to the report and the report, the participants should start with the cooperation, and then the other participant should do what he or she did the last time. Therefore, the participants must cooperate until the other party breaches the contract; He defaulted until the other party re-joined the game.

In other words, the strategy starts with friendship, punishes unfriendly participants, and, if the other person changes, gives forgiveness. To Axelrod's surprise, this simple strategy is better than all the more complex strategies that people lose.

Because the cooperative game takes regret is a way of cooperation, or a compromise; The reason why compromise can promote the interests of both sides of the compromise and the interests of the whole society is because the cooperative game can produce a cooperative surplus; This surplus arises from this Beszhee relationship and way, and is limited to it.

Cooperative game is a game of repetition refers to the game of alliance and cooperation between some participants, and the game activity is the confrontation between different groups.