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Zhuzi refers to the representatives of academic thought such as Guanzi, Laozi, Confucius, Zhuangzi, Mozi, Mencius, and Xunzi in the pre-Qin period of China; The hundred schools of thought refer to the representatives of academic schools such as Confucianism, Taoism, Moism, Mingjia, and Legalism.
The reason why Zhuzi Thought is a general term for political schools is that the basic purpose of each school is to provide political strategies for the monarch. Confucianism advocates the transformation of the people with virtue; Taoism advocates the rule of inaction; Legalists advocate that reward must be punished; The Mohists advocate and love Shangtong; Famous scholars advocate respecting the Yanbing.
After the Han Dynasty, the Mohist and the famous family became a peerless school, the peasant family became an independent technical discipline, and the Yin-Yang family evolved into a mysterious magic. Therefore, the main ones that had an important impact on the politics of the later great unification dynasty were Confucianism, Taoism, and Law.
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The main contents of the tenth Zhuzi are as follows:
It mainly introduces the social background and development trend of Zhuzi's learning, the representative figures of the scholar class such as Confucianism, Mo, Taoism, Law, and Yin-Yang Scholars, until Qin Xiang Lü Buwei began to unify his thoughts, and the compilation of classical books such as "Lü's Spring and Autumn" and "Huainanzi" gradually made Zhuzi unified.
Wonderful appreciation: This is an era of ideological emancipation, but also an era of ideological development, which is rare in Chinese academic history. (The opening chapter introduces the turmoil in the social situation during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and some intelligent people had various opinions about the situation at that time, and they said their own opinions according to their own opinions.
Each "thinks about its way to change the world", and the hundred schools of thought arose in this way. (Analyzing the rise and development of the scholar class in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, "Thinking about the way is easy for the world", from Zhang Xuecheng's "Literature and History Tongyi: Yan Wangzhou Gong", which means that all scholars are thinking with their own thoughts and methods, in order to change the world.) )
The first person to open the door to teach his disciples to carry forward the class of "scholars" who were not farmers, non-industrialists, non-businessmen, and non-officials was Confucius. (It is said that Confucius was the first "old teacher" to popularize academics, created Confucian culture, and took his students to travel around the world, starting a culture of lecturing and lobbying, and is considered the ancestor of the "scholar" class.) Kulingju).
He said that people should have a true temperament, have compassion, and be able to push themselves and others, and the so-called "straightness", "benevolence", "loyalty" and "forgiveness" must be polite on the one hand, that is, abide by the norms of society. (The purpose of Confucius's lectures is to cultivate "people", pay attention to the cultivation of personality, and believe that everything should be done only asks whether it should be done or not, and only emphasizes righteousness, not profit.) )
They say that the great harm in the world lies in the mutual struggle between people, and that everyone in the world should regard others as their own and help each other, not only for altruism, but also for self-interest. (This is the Mohist doctrine of "concurrent love", which focuses on utilitarianism, and everything that is beneficial to the country and the people is considered valuable.) )
Nature is the "Tao", which is the principle that all things in heaven and earth are born. The birth of things through the Tao is the concrete manifestation of the Tao. (This is the fundamental idea of Lao Xue, and also the fundamental idea of Zhuang Xue, who advocates absolute freedom and equality, and believes that everything must be natural.) )
Lü Wubi's Spring and Autumn is not, it is the first complete book. (At the end of the Warring States Period, Qin Prime Minister Lü Buwei tried to co-write "Lü's Spring and Autumn Period" with many disciples, wanting to turn the zero into a whole, gather the strengths of the people, and unify the thoughts.) )
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The reasons for the rise of the hundred schools of thought are as follows:
1. Political reasons. At that time, it was a period of great social change, and the society was in turmoil, and the various vassal states were in dispute. In order to achieve supremacy in the struggle, the kings of the vassal states competed to recruit talented people and use different ideas and doctrines to make their countries rich and powerful.
This creates a relaxed academic atmosphere for hundreds of schools of thought to contend.
2. Economic reasons. At that time, there was a great deal of economic development, which made it possible for some people to be in the leisure class and have time to engage in their own academic activities. Technological reasons.
Great progress has been made in science and technology, such as astronomy, mathematics, optics, acoustics, mechanics, medicine and other aspects have reached a high level at that time. These scientific and technological achievements mark the improvement of people's level of understanding, and enrich people's spiritual world and material life.
3. Cultural reasons. At that time"The Son of Heaven lost his official position and studied in Siyi", the result of which is broken"Learn in the government"The situation caused the cultural and academic monopolistic monopolistic of the aristocracy to spread to the lower strata of society and move down to the people (this historical phenomenon is called"Cultural downward shift"), caused"Private learning is thriving"。
4. Academic freedom reasons. Academic societies are relatively independent of political power. Although they proceed from the interests of different social groups, they write books and lectures, discuss current affairs, expound philosophies, and form their own opinions, but they are not political vassals and are attached to a certain political power group"If you use me, you will stay, and if you don't use me, you will go"。
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Confucianism
Works: "Confucius".
Mencius, Xunzi
Confucianism was one of the important schools of thought during the Warring States Period, which took Confucius as its teacher in the Spring and Autumn Period, took the Six Arts as the law, advocated etiquette and benevolence, and advocated loyalty and forgiveness and impartiality and moderation.
It is an academic school that advocates "rule by virtue" and "benevolent government" and attaches importance to moral and ethical education and people's self-cultivation.
Taoism
Works: Tao Te Ching
Zhuangzi Taoism was one of the important schools of thought during the Warring States Period, also known as the Moralist. This school of thought takes Lao Tzu's doctrine on "Tao" as its theoretical basis in the late Spring and Autumn Period, and uses "Tao" to explain the nature, origin, composition, and changes of all things in the universe. believes that the way of heaven is inactive, and all things are naturally born, denies that God, ghosts and gods dominate everything, advocates the Tao of nature, goes with the flow, advocates quiet and inaction, guards women and softness, and overcomes rigidity with softness.
The political ideal is that "a small country with few people and a rule by doing nothing." After Lao Tzu, Taoism was divided into different factions, and there were four famous schools: the Zhuangzi school and the Yangzhu school.
The Song Yin School and the Huang Lao School.
Mohist
Works: Mozi
This school of thought is based on the doctrine of "love and mutual benefit": concurrently, treating others as oneself; Love, that is, love your neighbor as yourself. If the world loves each other, the goal of mutual benefit can be achieved.
Politically, he advocates Shangxian, Shangtong and non-attack; Economically, it is advocated to strengthen the use of this economy; Ideologically, it is proposed to respect heaven and ghosts. At the same time, he also put forward the proposition of "unfatal" and emphasized relying on one's own strength to do so.
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1. Taoism: Representative figures: Laozi, Zhuangzi, Liezi. Works: "Tao Te Ching", "Zhuangzi", "Liezi".
2. Confucianism: Representative figures: Confucius, Mencius, Xunzi. Works: "Analects", "Mencius", "Xunzi".
3. Mojia: Representative figure: Mozi. Works: Mozi
4. Legalists: Representative figures: Han Fei, Li Si. Works: "Han Feizi".
5. Famous Artists: Representative figures: Deng Xi, Hui Shi, Gongsun Long and Huan Tuan. Works: "Gongsun Longzi".
6. Yin and Yang Family: Representative figure: Zou Yan No works.
7. Zonghengjia: Representative figures: Su Qin, Zhang Yi. Founder: Guiguzi. The main remarks were transmitted in the "Warring States Policy".
8. Miscellaneous: Representative figure: "Lü's Spring and Autumn" edited by Lü Buwei Menke
9. Farmhouse: None.
10. **Home: None.
Ten. 1. Soldiers: Sun Tzu's Art of War, Sun Bin's Art of War
Confucianism is an academic school founded by Confucius, developed by Mencius, and collected by Xunzi, and has continued to be respected by Confucian scholars throughout the ages, and still has a certain vitality today. Confucianism was originally one of the hundred schools of thought of the pre-Qin dynasty, and its founder was Confucius. Confucianism was equal to the hundred schools of thought in the pre-Qin period.
1. Confucianism. 2. Taoism.
3. Mohists. Fourth, the Legalist 1 soldier 2 vertical and horizontal family Famous Yin and Yang family Miscellaneous family Farmer ** family I like Taoism. Because Taoism pays attention to conforming to nature and returning to the basics. It is the great wisdom of life. >>>More
Is there a definite answer to this? What is recorded was the more influential at that time, but what about those small schools? What about those that are not recorded?
The hundred schools of thought are dominated by Confucianism, Taoism, and Law. >>>More
Zhuzi Baijia is a general term for various academic schools in the Spring and Autumn Period, the Warring States Period, and the Qin and Han dynasties, according to the records of the Hanshu Art and Literature Chronicles, there are a total of 189 schools and 4,324 works. Later books such as "Sui Shu Jing Ji Zhi" and "Siku Quanshu General Catalogue" recorded that there were thousands of "Hundred Schools of Thought". The most widespread among the hundreds of schools of thought are Legalism, Taoism, Confucianism, Yin and Yang, Famous Scholars, Mohists, Miscellaneous Families, Farmers, ** Families, and Vertical and Horizontal Families.