What are the repayment methods of China s national bonds, and what are the main repayment methods of

China's Treasury Bonds There are five main ways to repay the national bonds that can be used:

1) Installment and gradual repayment method. That is, several repayment periods are stipulated for a type of bond, and a certain proportion of each repayment period is provided until the bond matures, and the principal is fully repaid. In this way of repayment, the later the principal is repaid, the higher the interest rate, to encourage bondholders to postpone the repayment of the current period, but the workload and complexity of the repayment of government bonds will increase.

2) Lottery round repayment method. That is, during the repayment period of the treasury bonds, a certain proportion of the bonds will be repaid by drawing lots according to the bond number on a regular basis until the end of the repayment period; All bonds are repaid by lot. The pros and cons of this repayment method are broadly similar to those of the gradual repayment method.

3) One-time repayment method at maturity. That is, the implementation of the bond maturity date according to the face amount of the full repayment at one time; The advantage is that the management of the repayment of the principal of the national debt is simple and easy, and there is no need to raise funds frequently for the repayment of the principal of the national debt. The disadvantage is that the principal of the treasury bonds will be repaid at one time, which may cause a sharp rise in expenditure and bring greater pressure to the treasury.

4) Market purchase and sale reimbursement method. i.e. during the maturity of the bond; By regularly or irregularly from the ** market.

Redeem (or buy) a certain percentage of bonds, and no longer sell them after redemption, so that when the bond expires, it has been held by ** in whole or in the majority. The advantage of this method is that it gives investors the possibility to cash out halfway through, and will be interested in ** bonds.

The disadvantage of the support role is that it needs to carry out a lot of complicated work for the purchase and sale of the market, and there are also high quality requirements for the staff engaged in this business, so it is not suitable for full implementation.

5) Replace the old with the new. That is, by issuing new bonds to exchange for old bonds that are due, in order to achieve the purpose of repaying national bonds.

The method of repayment of the principal of the national debt: First, the method of gradual repayment in installments. Second, the lottery round repayment method. Third, the one-time repayment method at maturity. Fourth, the market purchase and sale reimbursement method. Fifth, replace the old with the new.

There are five ways to repay treasury bonds: gradual repayment in installments, rounds of repayment by lottery, one-time repayment at maturity, repayment through market purchase and sale, and repayment with new ones for old ones. 1. Definition: Repayment of treasury bonds refers to the act of paying principal and interest on maturing treasury bonds in accordance with the agreement

Treasury bonds, also known as state public bonds, are creditor's rights and debts formed by the state on the basis of its credit and in accordance with the general principles of bonds to raise funds through the issuance of bonds to the society.

The national debt is ****.

In order to raise financial funds.

And a kind of ** bond issued.

The creditor's rights and debt certificates issued by **** to investors and promise to pay interest and repay the principal at maturity in a certain period of time have the highest credit rating and are recognized as the safest investment tools because the issuer of treasury bonds is the state.

The purpose of the issuance of treasury bonds.

1. Raise military spending.

In times of war, military expenditures were enormous, and in the absence of other means of financing, they were raised through the issuance of war bonds. The issuance of war treasury bonds is a common method used by all countries in wartime, and it is also the first origin of treasury bonds.

2. Balance fiscal revenue and expenditure.

Generally speaking, the balance of fiscal revenue and expenditure can be carried out by increasing taxes, issuing additional currency, or issuing treasury bonds. Compared with the above three methods, increasing the tax revenue is a practice taken from the people and for the people, although it is a good way to imitate it, but there is a certain limit to increasing the tax revenue, if the tax is too heavy and exceeds the ability of enterprises and individuals to bear, it will not be conducive to the development of production, and will affect the future tax revenue.

The issuance of additional currency is the most convenient option, but it is the least desirable because it is used to cover the fiscal deficit.

It can lead to severe inflation, which has the most severe impact on the economy. In the case that it is difficult to raise taxes and it is not possible to increase the issuance of currency, it is still a feasible measure to make up for the fiscal deficit by issuing treasury bonds. **Through the issuance of bonds, the idle funds of units and individuals can be absorbed, and the country can tide over the period of financial difficulties.

However, the issuance of deficit government bonds must be moderate, otherwise it will also cause serious deflation.

3. Raise construction funds.

The state is to carry out infrastructure and public facilities.

Through the issuance of medium- and long-term treasury bonds, a part of the short-term funds can be converted into medium- and long-term funds, which can be used to build large-scale projects in the country to promote economic development.

4. Issuance of borrowed treasury bonds.

In the peak period of debt repayment, in order to solve the problem of debt repayment, the state issues loan and exchange treasury bonds to repay the old debts that are due, which can reduce and disperse the country's debt repayment burden.

The basic means of repaying the public debt of each country is the most common means of repaying the public debt. In the developed countries of the West.

The repayment of public debt consists of two parts. One is the repayment of interest; The second is the repayment of the principal. There are two ways to pay interest on public bonds:

The first is the payment method in installments. That is, the interest payable on the public debt is paid in several times during the life of the bond. The second is the one-time payment method at maturity.

That is, the interest payable on the bond is combined with the repayment of the principal, and the public debt is paid in a lump sum when the bond matures. Public bonds are paid differently due to the way they are paid. **The interest payable and the interest actually paid in each year are not exactly the same.

In general, the amount payable on the public debt will be greater than the actual amount paid, resulting in a sum of interest. Jen's public debt. Therefore.

On the payment of interest on public bonds. **Attention should be paid to choosing a good way to pay interest on public bonds.

The repayment of public debt affects the macroeconomy.

and thus ** when arranging the repayment of public debt. Public debt needs to take into account the national economy for a certain period of time.

Development situation. Public debt reduces or avoids as much as possible the economic and social public debt that may arise from the repayment of public debt.

Expenditure through the budget. That is, the annual repayment of national debt is included in the current year's expenditure budget as an item of sliding imperial fiscal expenditure (such as "debt repayment"), and is collected by the normal fiscal revenue.

Mainly refers to taxes). Guarantee the repayment of the national debt. On the surface, this may seem like a sound way to ensure that the debt is repaid on time, but in practice it will run into problems.

This is because, if the first fiscal department has the ability to allocate special funds every year for the repayment of national bonds, there may be no need to issue national bonds, or there is no need to issue so many national bonds every year.

Borrowing new debt. It is to raise funds for the repayment of maturing debts through the issuance of new bonds. This is both a practical necessity and a theoretical rationality.

Theoretically, national debt can be seen as an extended form of savings. Under normal circumstances, any savings, rents, and savings, individually, are deposited and withdrawn; But on the whole, it is only saved and not taken. The same goes for national debt.

From the perspective of individual debts, it has a repayment period; However, in terms of the debt as a whole, there is actually no repayment period, and Shinyan can use the method of borrowing new debts to repay old debts, and continue for an indefinite period of time. Perhaps because of this, repaying old debts by issuing new debts has become the basic means for countries to repay their national debts.

The basic means of repaying public debts in various countries is the most commonly used means for countries to repay public debts. In the developed countries of the West. The repayment of public debt consists of two parts.

One is the repayment of interest; The second is the repayment of the principal. There are two ways to pay interest on public bonds: one is the method of paying interest in installments on a regular basis.

That is, the interest payable on the public debt will be divided into several information during the life of the bond.

What is the source of the basic means of repaying the national debt of various countries? The basic means of repaying the national debt of each country are different, so each country has its own arrangement, and each hail sedan chair has its own ideas, and each has its own sail method, so this is all mine.

Establishment of debt servicing**. That is, the budget will set up a special project to repay the national debt.

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What are the ways to repay the national debt?

Installment and gradual repayment method. That is, several repayment periods are stipulated for a type of treasury bond, and the principal is fully repaid until the maturity of the treasury bond.

Draw round repayment method. That is, the national debt is repaid by drawing lots according to the national bond number on a regular basis to determine the repayment of a certain proportion of the national debt until the end of the repayment period and all the national debt is repaid.

One-time repayment method at maturity. That is, the government bonds will be fully repaid at all at face value on the maturity date.

Market purchase and sale reimbursement method. That is, the treasury bonds are bought back from the ** market, and by the time of maturity, the treasury bonds have all been held by **.

Replace the old with the new. That is, the issuance of new treasury bonds in exchange for old treasury bonds that are due.

Funds for the repayment of national debts**.

Expenditure through the budget. ** The amount of repayment of the annual treasury bonds will be included in the expenditure budget of the current year as an item of fiscal expenditure, and the repayment of the treasury bonds will be guaranteed by normal fiscal revenues.

Use of fiscal surpluses. When there is no surplus in the implementation of the budget, such surplus is used to repay the principal and interest of the treasury bonds due in the current year.

Establishment of debt servicing**. **The budget sets up a special fund for the repayment of national debts, and sets up a special fund from the fiscal revenue every year to repay the national debt.

Borrow new debt to pay off old debt. **Through the issuance of new bonds, as funds to repay old debts**. The essence is the extension of the maturity of the debt.

1. The method of gradual repayment in installments, that is, several repayment periods are stipulated for a type of treasury bond, until the maturity of the treasury bond, and the principal is fully repaid.

2. The method of drawing lots for round repayment, that is, by drawing lots according to the number of treasury bonds on a regular basis to determine the repayment of a certain proportion of treasury bonds, until the end of the repayment period and when all treasury bonds are repaid by lottery.

3. The one-time repayment method at maturity implements the one-time repayment method according to the face value of the treasury bonds on the maturity date.

4. The market purchase and sale repayment method, that is, the treasury bonds are bought back from the ** market, and at the time of expiration, the treasury bonds have all been held by **.

5. The repayment method of replacing the old with the new, that is, exchanging the old treasury bonds that are due by issuing new treasury bonds.

1. Laws and regulations on national bonds.

National debt law. The National Debt Law refers to the general term for the laws and norms formulated by the state to regulate the social relations that occur in the process of issuance, circulation, transfer, use, repayment of losses, and management of treasury bonds. It mainly regulates the behavior of the state (**), treasury bond intermediaries and treasury bond investors when they are involved in treasury bonds, and adjusts the various treasury bond relationships that occur in the process of treasury bond behavior.

Different from the debt law in the civil law, the national debt law regulates the creditor's rights and debts relationship with the state as one party, which is consistent with the characteristic that one of the main parties of the financial law is always the state, and the national debt is an important way for the state to obtain fiscal revenue, and its purpose is to meet social needs and realize state functions. Therefore, the National Debt Law is an important sectoral law of fiscal law. However, the core of the social relations adjusted by the National Debt Law is the creditor's rights and debts relationship between the subjects of the national debts, that is, the relationship of rights and obligations between the state as a debtor and other creditors.

Although the national debt law is an important departmental law of the fiscal law, it is also quite different from the departmental laws of other financial laws such as the tax law, for example, the equality of the subjects of the national debt law is obviously different from other departmental laws, although one of the subjects of the national debt law must be the state, but in the legal relationship of the national debt, the state is the debtor and other rights subjects have a relationship of rights and obligations, and whether the other rights subjects have a creditor's rights and debts relationship with the state is generally determined by their own will and filial piety. They are on an equal footing with the state, but in other fiscal and legal relations, the subordination between subjects is clearly different from that of the law of national debt. In addition, the state's right to obtain the income from treasury bonds is closely linked to its obligation to repay the principal and interest, and in order for other rights holders to enjoy the right to obtain principal and interest, they must also fulfill the obligation to pay the funds for the purchase of treasury bonds. Therefore, in a certain sense, the law of national debt is a private law with the nature of public law.

Answers]: a, b, d, e

The main repayment methods of treasury bonds selected by China include repayment by lottery, one-time repayment at maturity, rollover repayment, early repayment, and market buyer and seller method.