How was the ancient Egyptian civilization formed, and what were the civilizations of ancient Egypt?

The origins of Egyptian civilization are based on the Nile River. The Nile is a long, narrow strip of channel with no broken geographical units in between, providing an unobstructed channel for traffic and flooding, and people depend on the Nile for their regular flooding within the confines of this narrow basin. The periodic flooding of the Nile River created high-input and high-return habitats for settled agriculture in Egypt, complicating Egyptian society, as evidenced by the emergence of urban polities in Egypt in 5000 BC, each controlling a certain strip of the floodplain [1].

This pluralistic local center does not have a strong geographical barrier, paving the way for a unified polity. At the same time, the small living space prompted ambitious local rulers to expand their support areas through unification activities, leading to the formation of a unified centralized mechanism, and finally in 3100-3000 BC, the unification of the Upper Egyptian king Menis was achieved, and the Egyptian civilization was formed.

The ancient Egyptian civilization, one of the four major human civilizations, spanned from more than 3,000 BC to 30 BC. During this long period, the Paleoarteres living on the banks of the Nile developed excellent knowledge of astronomy, architectural engineering, mathematics and medicine, and developed a very complete social, religious, ethical and judicial system. The familiar pyramids, sphinxes, and obelisks are all remnants of ancient Egyptian civilization.

The division of the year into 365 days, with each day divided into 24 hours, is derived from the creation of the ancient Egyptian civilization.

Ancient Egyptian civilization refers to the history from the first falls of the Nile to the delta region, from the Tasa culture in 5000 BC to the Arab conquest of Egypt in 642 AD. In the third century B.C., Maneto divided the history of Egypt from Menes to the conquest of Alexander in Macedon into thirty (or thirty-one) dynasties, and now scholars divide the history of ancient Egypt into the following periods: 1. Predynastic period (c. 3100-2686 B.C.) 2. Early dynastic period (c. 2686-2181 B.C.) 3. Ancient dynastic period (about 2181-2040) 4. The first intermediate period (about 2040-1786 B.C.) 5. Middle Dynasty period (c. 1786-1567 BC) 6. Second Intermediate Period; (c. 1786-1567 BC) 7. New Dynasty Period (c. 1567-1085 BC) 8. Postdynastic Period (c. 1085-332 BC) 9. Macedonian Greeks and Roman Reigns (332 B.C. 642 AD) From the 1st to the 4th period, the slave states were formed and unified dynasties emerged, the 5th to 7th periods were the period of the re-establishment of the unified kingdom and the empire, and the 8th to 9th periods were the period of the decline of the Egyptian slave state and fell under foreign rule.

Notes] The actual time frame of ancient Egyptian culture is the first union of the northern and southern kingdoms of Egypt in 4245 BC, to the occupation of Egypt by Alexander of Macedonia in 332 AD, and the fall of the Ptolemaic dynasty, which is commonly referred to as the pharaonic dynasty that lasted more than 3,000 years.

Ancient Egypt, one of the four ancient civilizations, is located in the middle and lower reaches of the Nile River in northeast Africa (now the Middle East), spanning Asia and Africa, and its Sinai Peninsula is located in Asia. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Red Sea to the east, and Nubia (present-day Ethiopia and Sudan) to the south.

About 7,400 years ago, the settlement organization of city-states began to appear in the Fayoum region around the Fayoum region and then formed a state, and the ancient Egyptian civilization was first formed in the Fayoum region of Lower Egypt about 7,450 years ago (about 5450 BC) and ended in (639 AD) when the Arab Empire Islamized it.

5150 years ago (c. 3150 BC) the unification of North and South Egypt and the establishment of the world's first great unified state, its dynasties continued and changed for 3,000 years, until the Roman conquest of Egypt in 30 BC 32nd Dynasty (Ptolemaic Dynasty).

The Kingdom of Ancient Egypt has gone through 10 periods and 33 dynasties (including the 0th to the 32nd Dynasty) in 10 periods: the Pre-Dynastic, the Early Dynasty, the Old Kingdom, the First Intermediate Period, the Middle Kingdom, the Second Intermediate Period, the New Kingdom, the Third Intermediate Period, the Late Kingdom, and the Ptolemaic Period.

At its peak during the Eighteenth Dynasty, the empire of Upper Egypt in the southern Nile valley region ranged from Sudan to Ethiopia, while the northern delta region of Lower Egypt crossed the Sinai Peninsula to the Canaan Plain on the eastern border of the empire, and the Ptolemaic period included Cyrene, southern Anatolia, Cyprus and the Mediterranean islands, and the territory reached Nubia as far south as Nubia.

Ancient Egypt had a complete writing system, political system and institutions, as well as a polytheistic religious system.

By harnessing and controlling the annual flooding of the Nile, agricultural production has been a great success.

Egypt is an ancient country in the world, with a long and thick history and culture, broad and profound, splendid and colorful, its national identity since ancient times is to look at culture, occupies an important position in the world cultural system, geographical location, humanities, economy also have their own characteristics. Traditional art forms include poetry, sculpture, painting, etc., and the ancient Egyptian civilization had a great influence on later civilizations such as ancient Greece, ancient Rome, and Judea.

1. Text. Ancient Egyptian script, created in 3500 BC, is a type of hieroglyphic script called the Sacred Script. This script is one of the oldest written scripts of mankind, and it is mostly engraved in the tombs of ancient Egyptians, on the walls of monuments, temples or stones, so it is called "holy script".

2. Papyrus.

The ancient Egyptians made the world's first sheet of paper made from papyrus around 2600 BC. In addition to discovering paper, the ancient Egyptians were also the first people in the world to know how to use the stems of papyrus to make writing pens and water mixed with black soot and glue to make ink.

3. Sphinx.

Pyramids are huge triangular structures made of large stones and served as tombs for pharaohs. Since the ancient Egyptians lived and farmed on the banks of the Nile, the pyramids were mainly built in desert areas.

In the 900 years from 2700 to 1800 B.C., it is estimated that the ancient Egyptians built more than 80 pyramids. The Great Pyramid, built between 2589 and 2566 BC, is the largest pyramid and was built for Pharaoh Khufu.

4. Astronomy.

Ancient Egypt had a considerable level of astronomical knowledge, and they developed a calendar, known as the Coptic calendar, by observing the movement of the sun and the stars Canis Major. The ancient Egyptians set a year of 365 days, 12 months of the year, 30 days of the month, and the remaining 5 days as festivals. Ancient Egypt was the first in the world to use a solar calendar, which is similar to what we use today.

5. Mathematics. The Egyptians' mathematical notation system was not the carry system we use today, but used a symbol to represent a fixed value, when writing 5, they would use 5 symbols representing 1 to write, of course, there are certain rules for arrangement, and again, when writing 111, they would use a symbol for 100, a symbol for 10 and a symbol for 1 to write.

6. Mummy.

It refers to the long-preserved corpses of ancient Egyptians that have been preserved for thousands of years because they have been specially treated. Most of the coffins are also painted with good wishes and incantations, praying that the deceased will pass the Yin and Yang barrier smoothly.

On the distant African continent, in that pristine continent, there is a precious legacy left by the wise African people thousands of years ago: the pyramid is undoubtedly one of the brightest pearls, and the Pyramid of Khufu is the highlight of this pearl.

In Giza, just outside Cairo, the capital of Egypt, lies the world-famous Pyramid of Khufu. It is a wonder of the world of man-made architecture, the largest and most elaborate pyramid in the world. When it was first built, the Pyramid of Khufu was built with a height of meters and a base length of 230 meters, and was made of more than 2.5 million huge stones weighing about a ton each.

The Pyramid of Khufu was built about 4,700 years ago, with the passage of time, under the erosion of rain, snow, wind and sand, today's Pyramid of Khufu is no longer the majesty of the past, the height of the Pyramid of Khufu is only 138 meters, and the length of the bottom is 220 meters, despite this, it is still the world's largest, it stands majestically on the African continent, proud of the world.

Ancient Egyptian civilization refers to a civilization native to ancient Egypt, which has no other meaning and does not exist.

There are many notable features of the ancient Egyptian civilization, and here are some of them:

1.Religious worship: Many aspects of ancient Egyptian civilization involved religious beliefs, such as architecture, reproduction, and burial. The Egyptians believed that after death, the soul could continue to live in the other world.

2.Hieroglyphs: A major feature of the ancient Egyptian civilization was the use of hieroglyphs, as well as the ancient civilization and state forms to which Egypt belonged. The use of Egyptian hieroglyphs began in 3100 BC and is one of the earliest writing systems in the world.

3.River Culture: Due to the benefits of the Nile Valley, the ancient Egyptian civilization became an agricultural civilization. People built cities and temples around the river. The Egyptians along the river centered on the river basin and gradually developed a culture with the Nile as the axis.

4.Building technology: The ancient Egyptian civilization achieved high levels of achievement in building technology. For example, the pyramids, the techniques and methods used to build robes and dressers, and so on, all reflect their ability to innovate in the construction of concealment.

5.Art: The ancient Egyptian civilization created many literary, **, sculptural, and pictorial arts, such as frescoes and stone carvings on the inner walls of the pyramids, and many more. In addition, they have achieved high levels of success in pottery and fabrics.

In conclusion, the ancient Egyptian civilization had many distinctive features, including religious worship, hieroglyphs, river culture, building technology, and art. The Egyptian civilization was one of the most advanced civilizations at the time, and made important contributions in terms of economy, culture and society.

1. The Nile River, which floods regularly, floods the arid land on both banks; Sediment, which contains a lot of minerals and decaying vegetation, flows down the river and gradually deposits on both banks, becoming fertile black soil. Thus, the ancient Egyptians called their country "Kemet", which means black earth.

2. The ancient Egyptians based on the fact that whenever the sun and Sirius rose together, the Nile flooded; comprehended the concept of the year and formulated the first calendar in human history; The periodic flooding of the Nile washed away farmland, and the need to remeasure the land after the floods gave rise to geometry.

3. The Nile River runs through Egypt and never dries up in the desert, and it is the main source of water for the Egyptians. The Egyptians relied on the fertile soil left by the Nile flood to develop agriculture and established a glorious Egyptian civilization on both sides of the Nile.

The first "Egyptians" appeared in northeastern Africa during the Paleolithic period around 400,000 BC, but they did not begin to settle near the Nile until 10,000 BC when the climate began to become dry. During the Mesolithic period (c. 10,000 BC to 5,000 BC), people gradually gathered on the banks of the Nile to live, mainly fishing, hunting and gathering. During the Negada culture between about 3500 and 3100 BC, Egypt gradually transitioned to civilization.

In the later Negada culture, the "state" (called "Nome" by the Greeks) appeared in EgyptWith the development of private ownership and the intensification of the social divide between rich and poor, these states gradually transformed into independent small slave states. There are frequent wars between states over land, water, population, and wealth.

After a long period of continuous annexation wars, Egypt was partially unified, namely the Kingdom of Upper Egypt in the south and the Kingdom of Lower Egypt in the north. Around 3100 BCE, the kingdom of Upper Egypt grew stronger, and its king, Menes, finally achieved the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt through a series of wars of conquest. Pharaonic Egypt began in 3100 BC and ended in 332 BC.

The ancient Egyptian priest Manito divided the history of Pharaonic Egypt into 31 dynasties, and Lepsius of Germany (1810-1884) proposed the periodization of the Old Kingdom, the Middle Kingdom, and the New Kingdom according to Manito's dynastic system. To this day, we still use this division. Namely.

Table I: Historical Periodization of Ancient Egypt.

Early dynastic period 3100 BC 2686 BC (1st and 2nd dynasties).

The Old Kingdom 2686 BC and 2181 BC (3rd and 6th dynasties).

First Intermediate Period 2181 BC 2055 BC (7th and 10th Dynasties).

Middle Kingdom period 2055 BC 1650 BC (11th and 12th dynasties).

Second Intermediate Period: 1650 BC 1550 BC (15th-17th Dynasty).

New Kingdom period 1550 BC 1069 BC (18th and 20th dynasties).

Third Intermediate Period: 1069 BC and 664 BC (21st, 25th Dynasties).

Late Egypt 664 BC 332 BC (26th and 31st dynasties).

This period of history, which encompasses 31 dynasties, created the glorious civilization of ancient Egypt as we know it, and of course it was the main creation period of ancient Egyptian civilization.