How to discuss the types and evolution of institutions in Introduction to Sociology?

According to the direction, reference point and cause of social mobility, social mobility can be divided into the following three types.

1. Vertical flow and horizontal flow.

Vertical mobility refers to the movement of a person from a lower position and occupation to an upward position and occupation, or from a higher position and occupation to a lower position and occupation. Vertical flow can accompany inter-regional flow or rise and fall in situ.

2. Lifetime mobility and intergenerational mobility.

Mobility throughout an individual's life refers to the horizontal or vertical mobility of an individual in terms of occupation and status. This mobility is also a common phenomenon in modern industrial societies, especially in cities.

3. Free flow and structural flow.

Free movement refers to movements that occur individually, and are movements that are caused by personal reasons such as changes in status, occupation or region. Free movement does not have a significant impact on the social structure and the distribution of the population.

How to discuss the types and evolution of institutions in Introduction to Sociology, if you want to discuss them, you must learn to describe and discover some of their characteristics, and use the characteristics and characteristics expressed to discuss them.

1. The founder of sociology is (a) Chapter 1.

A, Comte B, Marx C, Homans D, Blau.

2. The founder of the theory of social evolution is (b) Chapter 1.

A, Kounde B, Spencer C, Durkheim D, Weber.

3. Weber is (a) a sociologist and historian Chapter 1.

a, Germany B, United Kingdom C, United States D, France.

4. The first person to introduce Western sociology is chapter (c) 1.

A, Sun Wenwen B, Li Da C, Yan Fu D, Xu Deheng.

5. The dominant social relations in rural communities are (a) a, blood relations b, geographical relations c, karmic relations d, mixed relationships.

The evolution of the social system refers to the changes and evolution of the social system in the process of historical development. Social system refers to the basic organizational forms and norms in the social, economic, political, and cultural aspects of a certain historical period, and is the basic rules and system of social life. The evolution of the social system refers to the process of changes and evolution of the social system in different historical periods due to changes in social productivity, social relations, cultural inheritance, etc.

The evolution of the social system is a long-term historical process, which involves all aspects of society, including changes and evolution in politics, economy, culture, education, law, etc. The evolution of the social system is the inevitable result of the development of human society and an important symbol of the continuous progress and development of human society.

Social system refers to the general term for various systems that reflect and maintain a certain social form or social structure. Including the economic, political, legal, cultural, educational and other systems of the society.

1. The objective inevitability of the replacement of social forms mainly refers to the fact that the process and law of the successive replacement of social forms are objective, and the basic trend of their development is definite and unswerving. In the final analysis, the replacement of social forms is the result of the movement of basic contradictions in society, and the regularity of the contradictory movements of the productive forces and production relations fundamentally stipulates the objective inevitability of the replacement of social forms, in which the development of the productive forces is of ultimate decisive significance. The unity and diversity of the development of social forms are rooted in the process of unification between the objective inevitability of social development and the historical selectivity of people.

2. The difference between the inevitability of the replacement of social forms and the historical selectivity of people. The objective inevitability of the replacement of social forms mainly refers to the fact that the process and law of the successive replacement of social forms are objective, and the basic trend of their development is definite and unswerving. In the final analysis, the replacement of social forms is the result of the movement of basic social contradictions, and its development is a natural historical process, and the repetition and routineness in different social phenomena, that is, regularity.

The regularity of the movement of basic contradictions in society fundamentally stipulates the objective inevitability of the replacement of social forms. People's historical selectivity refers to the initiative and selectivity of historical subjects in social development. It is the choice of a variety of possible directions, goals, and methods for the future development of social life under the given historical conditions, and the interests and needs of the main body are the internal basis for the choice, and whether the direction, goal, and method of choice are correct can only be tested by practice.

3. The inevitability of the replacement of social forms is related to people's historical selectivity. The law of social change is also the law of people's own social actions. The objectivity of the law does not negate the initiative of people's historical activities, nor does it exclude people's historical selectivity for a certain social form on the basis of following the law of social development.

Historical selectivity has three meanings:

First, the objective inevitability of social development has created the basic trend of social development at a certain historical stage, which provides the foundation, scope, and possibility space for people's historical choices.

Second, the process of changing social forms is also a process of unifying purposefulness and compliance.

Human beings are the subject of social practice. In the process of social development, people's historical selection activities are always driven and restricted by their own goals. People's historical selection can only be realized if it conforms to the law of social development. This determines that in the process of changing social forms, the selective activities of historical subjects must be a process of unification of purposefulness and regularity.

Any system, whether formal or informal, is a product of human activity. Generally speaking, informal institutions are not the direct object of human reason, but the unexpected social result of the bounded rational behavior of individuals, while formal institutions are the direct objects and products of human collective rationality, which is the conscious social result of the action of human reason. The "subject" of institutional change

2] In general, it is inevitably manifested in the fact that in the process of formal institutional construction, the actors who consciously participate in and promote institutional change, or deliberately exert influence on institutional change. Therefore, the subject of institutional change can be **, class, interest group, enterprise or organization, or it can be a voluntarily gathered or close or loose group, or it can be an individual. In contrast to conscious institutional change, the theory of unconscious institutional evolution regards the process of institutional change as a spontaneous evolution process in which the subject unconsciously participates.

Therefore, in the unconscious evolution, there is no subject of institutional change, and no matter how individual behavior affects and affects institutional change in this process, as long as they do not consciously point to a specific institutional result, then they are only the object of institutional change, not the subject. Once the subjects of institutional change are formed, they will actively exert influence on institutional change according to the existing information and behavioral goals. This process of conscious participation in institutional change is roughly as follows:

Evaluate the existing system, form cognition and grasp the opportunity, establish the goal of system change, choose the mode of system change, formulate the change plan, implement the change, adjust and improve the target system, and establish and consolidate the new institutional structure. Due to the complexity and structural characteristics of the process of institutional change, the participation of institutional change subjects also requires specific procedures and division of labor.

The dynamics of institutional change are mainly physical analogies that examine the causal principles that lead to institutional change. If the phenomenon of institutional change is seen as a consequence, then any factor that causes institutional change can be seen as the driving force of institutional change. Huang Shaoan (2004) advocates that the driving force of institutional change should be explained from both internal and external forces.

He pointed out that the internal driving force of institutional change refers to the internal contradiction between the production relations and the productive forces corresponding to a specific system as the power source. The external motivation of institutional change refers to the direct motivation and intention of the subject of change to engage in change.

Sociological institutionalism is one of the schools of neo-institutionalism. Sociological institutionalism also maintains a long-term research orientation on the time domain of institutions. Sociological institutionalism has a loose definition of institutions, which classifies institutions, cultures, and rules into the same category at the cognitive level, and the definition of institutions includes not only formal norms, procedures, or rules, but also moral templates, symbolic systems, and cognitive scripts.

As a representative branch of neo-institutionalism, sociological institutionalism originated from sociology and has a research tradition of organizational analysis, attaches importance to the influence of cultural factors on organizational forms and practical activities, and understands the guiding and limiting role of normative structure, meaning system, and cognitive framework on human action based on appropriate logic rather than consequential logic.

From the perspective of the concept of institutions, sociological institutionalism defines institutions more broadly, believing that institutions are not only embodied in the material and legal levels, but also in the cognitive level, and the basic mechanism of system generation is the construction of social and cultural cognition, including the construction of "common meaning" and "universal symbol system". From the perspective of institutional construction, sociological institutionalism believes that the establishment and existence of institutions are due to the ability of institutions to adapt to a certain cultural environment, which gives institutions legitimacy.

Broad Institutional Definition Sociological institutionalism has a broader definition of institutions. They understand and define the meaning of the system in several ways. First, sociological institutionalism does not make a clear distinction between institutions and organizations.

2.The Origins and Changes of Institutions Sociological institutionalists explain the origins and changes of institutions in a different way than other schools of thought. They do not try to explain the original origin of the system, but believe that the new system was already created.

3.Institutions and Behavior Sociological institutionalists believe that institutions and individual actions.

Explanation of sociological preparation.

Proceeding from the society as a whole, it is a social science that studies the structure, function, occurrence, and development of society through social relations and social behavior. Sociology should study both practical and theoretical issues. Issues such as population, labor, culture, morality, women, youth, children, the elderly, urban areas, rural areas, and the division of labor in occupations are all within the scope of sociological research.

Liang Qichao, "Refuting the Theory of Land State-Ownership in a Certain Newspaper": "Thinkers in the 18th century praised the existence of natural law. and the study of history in modern sociology, the existence of natural law has long been denied.

Chapter 12 of Ba Jin's Perdition: "Although he was not able to prove his ideals by scientific, philosophical, and sociological conclusions as ordinary scholars or writers would have, he firmly believed that the great days would come." ”

Word decomposition The Journey of the Society is dismantled and dismantled before the release of the society è In ancient times, it referred to the land god and the place, day and ritual of the land god: Spring Society. Autumn Society.

Social Day. Sheji ("She" is the god of the earth, "Ji" is the god of ceres, and the ancient monarchs all sacrificed to Sheji, which was later used to refer to the country). Groups or Institutions:

Newspaper. Association. Number of strokes:

radical : 礻; Stroke order.