How to view the pros and cons of Chinese and Western use?

The major defect of the Westernists' ideology and policy of "using the Chinese body and the West" is that the "use" of the "utensils" of "Western learning" is pulled and rigidly grafted onto the "body" of the "middle school", just like "the wolf's tendon is pulled on the dog's leg", and there will inevitably be a "rejection reaction". This is prominently manifested in the sharp contradiction between the advanced large-scale production of machinery and the backward feudal management system in the Western-style enterprises. Capitalism.

It is difficult to coordinate the contradictions between the "use" and the "body" of feudalism, and the relationship between advanced productive forces and backward production.

The contradictions between them were difficult to reconcile, and they became the Westernization movement.

The root cause of the failure to succeed.

It is used in the West in the Chinese body"It is a product of the socio-economic structure of that era. Any cultural entity is rooted in its own socio-economic structure. China, on the eve of the Westernization Movement, was a society in which capitalism did not yet exist and a natural economy prevailed.

In such a society to be established"Western Body"No, because it doesn't have the economic foundation on which the Western-style system rests, traditional"Secondary school sports"It also operates according to its own logic, but in the face of the severe challenge of the Western powers after the Opium War, if Western studies are not introduced, the country will not be a country, in this situation"Middle school is the body, and Western learning is for use"Ideas were born.

It is used in the West in the Chinese body"It has opened the door to the spread of Western learning. Although middle school is a body, since Western learning has been put into use, it has entered the traditional framework and obtained a legal status, which is conducive to breaking the traditional cultural and psychological barriers of the people's rejection of new foreign things. So, in"with"Under the signboard, there was a large influx of Western studies.

With the spread of Western studies, China's production landscape has undergone tremendous changes, and political theories such as constitutional monarchy and democratic republic have also been introduced into China in the process, and blended with Chinese culture, thus giving rise to China's own modern political thought. It was in this process that China's new society began to emerge.

The ultimate failure of the Westernization Movement is also reasonable. Without the relations of production that are compatible with the advanced productive forces, how can we remain undefeated? If the "middle body" remains unchanged, the feudal nature of the state-owned enterprises will remain unchanged, and the imported large-scale machine production will be enslaved by the backward feudal system, and will inevitably be distorted and destroyed, and its vitality will last long.

The Westernization Movement did not change the "Chinese body" and tried to use the "Western use" to "self-improvement".

The government-run military enterprises and the government-supervised commercial and civilian enterprises founded by the military affairs movement, the introduction and use of Western machinery for large-scale production and its technology, and the raising of shares and funds, etc., have some obvious characteristics of capitalist production and operation, but they also have the obvious characteristics of the feudal management system, which includes both the "body" of the traditional Chinese feudal system and the "use" of Western capitalism. "Chinese body" and "Western use" are rigidly combined, just like a court official wearing a flower feather on his head, full of "three outlines and five constants", but wearing a straight suit. As a result, the torso seems to be "western", and the mind is "middle", plausible, nondescript.

The Westernists only understood the "use of Western learning" from the level of "utensils", believing that the Western powers only surpassed the Qing Dynasty in terms of "strong ships and sharp guns" and large-scale production of machines, but were far inferior to the Qing Dynasty in terms of the fundamental system of the state. The Westernists did not realize that "Western studies" were not only advanced science and technology, not only large-scale machine production, but also the modern mode of production organization and enterprise system of the West, and the market system, legal system, and political system of the West's modernization. Those who truly realized that "Western Studies" was more important than its market system, legal system, and political system were the later reformers.

At that time, the Sino-Japanese War had declared the defeat of the Westernization Movement.

The use of Chinese style and Western style is "middle school for the body, Western learning for use." It was first proposed by Feng Guifen, and later Zhang Zhidong systematically elaborated in the "Persuasion of Learning". It is also an important guiding ideology of the Westernization Movement.

Main content: "Middle School as the Body" takes China's Gangchang Famous Education as the foundation for determining the fate of the country. "Western learning for use" refers to the use of modern science and technology that has been radicalized by Western capitalism, and the specific measures of Western countries and the Westernization Movement to save the Qing Dynasty.

Westernization Movement: The Westernization faction of the late Qing Dynasty used the modern science and technology, military, and machine manufacturing of the West to save the rule of the Qing Dynasty under the slogan of "self-improvement and prosperity". The fundamental purpose was to maintain the rule of the Qing Dynasty.

The self-help movement ended in failure, but to a certain extent, it promoted the development of China's modernization.

Summary. Hello, the first word is more concrete, that is, with Chinese tradition as the ontology, Western technical artifacts are only used as a tool, and the main body is still Chinese traditional culture.

Hello, the first word is more specific and vivid, that is, with Chinese tradition as the ontology, Western technical artifacts are only used as a tool for the use of orange edges, and the main body is still the traditional culture of the country.

May I ask you, is this a historical question?

My **, help me think of a paragraph.

Hello, what is this about**?

What major**?

Comparison of the historical limitations of the consistency between Chinese and Western use and body use.

If you use the unanimity, in fact, this is the body proposed by Yan Fu at that time, it is Mu Song to refer to the ontology, and it is used to refer to the phenomenon, in fact, it refers to the system and phenomenon, which should be consistent, and he thought that it was because the West had an advanced cultural mitigation and system that led to the prosperity of the West.

And the Chinese and Western words are used to maintain the decadent and backward feudal rule of the late Qing Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty.

This obviously violated the law, so in the end, it also led to the failure of the Westernization Movement.

Middle school is the body, and Western learning is for use

The Qing Dynasty Westernization Movement, the guiding ideology of the Westernization School.

"Middle school" refers to the three outlines and eight goals, that is, clear morality, close to the people, and stop at the best; The Confucian doctrine of Gewu, Zhizhi, sincerity, righteousness, self-cultivation, Qi family, governing the country, and leveling the world as the core, and "Western Studies" refers to the natural sciences and social sciences such as commerce, education, foreign trade, and international public law that were introduced to China in modern times. On the basis of maintaining the feudal rule of the Qing Dynasty, it advocated the adoption of specific methods in natural science and technology, as well as culture and education, such as building ships and cannons, building railways, opening mines, and erecting electric wires, to save the ruling crisis.

"Body" means subject, mainly referring to the core ideas, values and principles of approach.

"With" means auxiliary, mainly in terms of behavioral methods, tools, and products.

The limitations of Chinese and Western use are as follows:

As a combination of Chinese and Western cultures in the early stage, "middle school for the body, Western learning for use" has its historical inevitability and rationality, but it sticks to the "Chinese style", fundamentally speaking, it maintains the feudal hierarchy and its ideology, and does not overcome the inherent fundamental contradiction between Chinese and Western studies, which will inevitably cause the exclusive reaction of the two, and is not conducive to the in-depth spread of Western studies.

Reflected in education, more than 30 years of Western-style education has never fundamentally touched the traditional education system, and has been deeply hindered by the feudal education system, which has also made the new education in the late Qing Dynasty has been dominated by the feudal creed of loyalty to the monarch, respect for Confucius, and reading the scriptures, and has not been able to get rid of the shadow of feudal traditional education, nor can it truly complete the transition from traditional education to modern new education.

The historical role of "Chinese and Western use":

Middle school for the body, Western learning for use" to a certain extent criticized the traditional education and gave rise to the emergence of a new type of education. "Chinese style and Western use" reprimanded traditional education for violating the "application of the world" in "middle school" and not adapting to the changes of the current situation, which made an effective argument for the rationality of "Western learning" education, and gave birth to a new type of Yu Xun education. Under the guidance of this principle, the Westernists sent students to study abroad and set up new-style schools, which impacted the imperial examination system and opened a gap in the rigid feudal education system.

Secondly, with the deepening of the connotation of "middle school as the body, Western learning for use", the scope of Western learning has also been expanding. In the course of the Westernization Movement, "Western use" continued to incorporate new elements, and the dissemination center of Western studies gradually moved from the field of science and technology to the field of political system, ideology and other superstructures, especially after the First Sino-Japanese War, with the vigorous propaganda of the reformists, the political doctrine of the Western bourgeoisie, and the idea of democracy and equality were also disseminated, which was conducive to the enlightenment of modern thought.

The use of Chinese style and the use of Western studies are two different concepts, which describe different historical periods and cultural phenomena.

中体西用 (zhongti xi yong):

The use of Chinese style and Western style refers to the absorption and integration of Western culture, technology and ideas in China's past historical period, and their application in China's practice. This ideological tendency mainly appeared in modern China, especially in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. During this period, China was faced with aggression and oppression by Western powers, and in order to strengthen the country, enrich the people, and rejuvenate the country, some reformist intellectuals in China put forward the idea of applying Chinese style to Western culture, with the aim of breaking up the difficulties and absorbing the advanced experience and scientific knowledge of the West and providing reference for China's modernization drive.

西学东移 (xixue dongjian):

The spread of Western learning to the East refers to the historical phenomenon that Western culture, philosophy, science and technology began to be introduced to Eastern countries, especially Asian countries, from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century, and had an important impact on them. During this period, due to the colonization and expansion of Western countries, as well as the rise of the Industrial Revolution, Western science, technology, and ideas began to be introduced to Asian countries. Many Asian countries, including China, Japan, and India, have actively absorbed and learned from Western knowledge and culture in order to promote their own modernization and national development.

To sum up, the emphasis of Chinese style and Western use is the absorption and integration of Western culture by the Chinese and Western countries, aiming to achieve China's modernization and national rejuvenation. On the other hand, Western learning from the East emphasizes the influence and acceptance of Western culture, technology, and ideas on Asian countries, helping these countries to promote the process of modernization.

It was Yan Fu who brought it up. The "body" here refers to the ontology, the system here refers to the system, the "use" refers to the phenomenon, and here refers to the science and technology of the West.

Before and after the First Sino-Japanese War, Zhang Zhidong wrote the "Persuasion of Learning", which elaborated on the theme of "middle school as the body and Western learning as the application", forming a relatively complete ideological system. He clearly affirmed the advanced nature and superiority of Western culture, which was full of words praising the nation, freedom, and equality, and pointed out that Western society is "based on freedom and democracy", implicitly containing the concept that "body" and "use" are inseparable, and indirectly negate "middle school as the body and Western learning as the use". He advocated the study of Western natural sciences and social and political theories in an integrated manner.

Yan Fu's "consistency of body and application" also includes an understanding of the integrity and development of Western studies. He believes that in "Western Studies", the science of thinking methods, basic theoretical disciplines, and applied disciplines are integrated into one, and they are mutually invented, and they are constantly using methods such as investigation, experiment, and induction to create new knowledge and verify theories, and constantly update, improve, and develop. Based on this, he criticized Western-style education for only learning certain Western technologies in isolation, or only copying the ready-made conclusions of Xisheng Jianzhaoxue, ignoring the integrity and development of Western studies.

In 1902, Yan Fu expressed more clearly the view of "consistency of body and use" in "On Education with the Master of the Foreign Affairs Newspaper", arguing that a country's political scholarship is like an organism, "middle schools have the body of middle schools, Western studies have the body of Western studies, and if they are divided, they will stand together, and if they are combined, they will die".