Talk about the ideas of materialism and dialectics in ancient Greece

Materialism in ancient Greece was also called spontaneous materialism. Ancient Greece, which arose in the 7th --- 6th centuries B.C., and materialism before the formation of modern capitalism all belonged to this form, and its representatives were Heraclitus and Democritus in the West. Its main characteristics are: first, to explain natural phenomena with natural causes, to reduce the origin of all things to a certain material form, and to use one or several substances with a fixed form to explain the birth and death of all things in the universe.

For example, the ancient Greek Thales believed that "water" is the origin of all things, Heraclitus believed that "fire" is the origin of all things, and so on. Second, it is naturally combined with dialectics, believing that everything in the world is in motion and changing, but only guessing dialectics, and not "really mastering dialectics". Third, it relies on general intuition, that is, theories formed through empirical observation plus imagination and speculation, which lack scientific argumentation and a rigorous logical system, and have obvious spontaneity and simplicity.

In Europe, Heraclitus of ancient Greece was "one of the founders of dialectics", and Aristotle's thought also showed the light of dialectics everywhere; Ancient dialectics intuitively described the general changes in the whole world, and began to explain the causes of changes with the unity and struggle of opposites, which is a substantially correct worldview. But it only proposes a general outline of the dialectical picture of the world, which is based on people's intuitive experience, and there is a lack of study of the details that make up this picture, and the explanation of the overall outline lacks scientific proof. Because in the intuitive senses, people can directly perceive by their eyes, ears, nose, tongue, body and other senses are neither microscopic particles nor cosmic celestial bodies, but some macroscopic celestial bodies.

The motion changes of such objects are real, and they exist in the connection, development and movement of objective things. So naïve dialectics are usually combined with naïve materialism. But there are also cases where naïve dialectics and idealism are combined.

Ancient Greek materialism.

The representative was Democritus, born in Thrace.

The commercial city of Abdela on the seashore, the great materialist philosopher of ancient Greece, one of the founders of the doctrine of atomic materialism, was the first to propose the theory of atomism (everything is made of atoms).

Democritus was a diligent scholar all his life, and he was very knowledgeable, and he was very knowledgeable in philosophy and logic.

He has made achievements in physics, mathematics, astronomy, flora and fauna, medicine, psychology, ethics, education, rhetoric, military affairs, and art.

Diogenes Laercius is a master of every branch of philosophy, and at the same time he was an excellent painter, sculptor, and poet. He was an outstanding all-rounder in ancient Greece and occupies a very important place in the history of ancient Greek thought.

He believed that the origin of all things was atoms and emptiness. Atoms are indivisible particles of matter, and the void is the place where atoms move. People's perception is created by the "image" formed by atoms emanating from things and acting on people's senses and minds.

In terms of ethics, he emphasized the theory of happiness, arguing that the standard of morality is happiness and happiness. He is the author of "The Order of the Small Universe", etc., but only fragments have been handed down.

Ancient naïve materialism was right in insisting on the materiality of the world. However, it is one-sided to reduce all things to specific material forms, and to simplify the problem of the origin of matter.

Marx's nuclear ideology regards "matter" as the origin of the world, and believes that "matter is a philosophical category that marks objective reality," which is the commonality of various concrete objects, and is a universal philosophical category abstractly generalized from various concrete objects.

is an outstanding representative of ancient Greek dialectics.

a.Telos.

b.Hegel.

c.Heraclitus.

d.Thucydides.

The key year is to return to the finch as the answer to the hunger case: c

Elect d Democritus (Greek: δ c. 460 B.C., 370 B.C. or 356 B.C.), the Abdera of ancient Greece, the great materialist philosopher of ancient Greece, one of the founders of the doctrine of atomic materialism (the first to put forward the theory of atomism (all things are made of atoms)) The great Greek philosopher Leucep (Greek: English:

leucippus or leukipposc. 500 BC - c. 440 BC) was his mentor.

Selected D. Democritus: The Proposer of the Atomic Theory. The theory is that the world is made up of countless atoms, and so is the human soul, and that spiritual thinking change is a physical process.

The world itself is nothing but a mechanical manifestation of a law, and there is no such thing as a divine will that has a purpose.

The main characteristic is the pursuit of the essence of all things.

From the way they explore the nature of all things, they can be broadly divided into two categories:

One type pursues the primordial material, such as water, air, fire, atom, etc.

One kind pursues the formal prime, the so-called formal prime, which is to make a thing its own reason, and to pursue the rules behind things, such as the number of primitives and the original of ideas. Wait.

<> "My knowledge reserve is very rich, so let's briefly talk about ancient Greek idealism. Ancient Greek idealism has its roots in the ideas of Plato and Aristotle. Plato believed that nothing that exists in the material world is real, and that what is real exists in the rational world.

This idea is called "idea theory", and he believes that all ideas or thoughts have a form, and that this kind of idea or thought exists in the human mind, not in material reality. Therefore, Plato's idealism emphasizes the importance of thinking and consciousness. Aristotle differed from idealism in that he believed that both matter and mind were real, and that matter could be perceived, but the mind could not.

He believed that human consciousness and reason are unique, and therefore, idealism emphasizes the thinking and rationality of human fluids. In short, the important idea of ancient Greek idealism is that human thinking and consciousness are very important, even more important than matter. This idea had a huge influence on later philosophy and science.

The "spiritual" ontology of the ancient Greek theory of unbridled auspiciousness has an evolutionary process from rationality to sensibility to speculative reason and then to perceptual intuition, presenting a circle of negation of "homogeneous transformation". This is the course of the "spirit" of the ancient Greek philosophy of spiritualism.

In essence, "philosophy" means the awakening of human self-consciousness and the establishment of subjectivity; In terms of its theoretical form, philosophy constructs a "philosophical world" in which human beings grasp the world conceptually. In the thinking activities of constructing the "philosophical world", different thinking subjects either start from the principle of objective supremacy thinking, with nature as the cornerstone of their theoretical edifice, or from the principle of subjective supremacy thinking, exalt people's self-consciousness and subjectivity, and take "spirit" as the support point of their theoretical hall, thus forming philosophical forms with different characteristics, and materialism and idealism are thus divided (1). Idealistic philosophy stipulates that the subject of understanding and regulating the world is "spirit", and the subjective ability of the human subjective spirit to understand the world is alienated into an absolute creative subject, which is actually a "spiritual omnipotence" theory that one-sidedly strengthens the spiritual function of human beings.

The human spirit creates the "spiritual" ontology, and the internal driving force of human cognitive characteristics and the internal logical inheritance of human thinking make the philosophy of idealism constantly change, making the spiritual ontology have the historical sequence of the organic unity of the era and the super-era, the concrete and the whole, and converge into the development process of the "spiritual" rheology and evolution.

The so-called "spiritual" flow and evolution refers to the logical inheritance of the development of idealistic philosophy and the historical continuity of its evolution that actually existed in Western history. Through the study of the "spiritual" ontology of specific forms in different historical periods, "the internal connections of these forms or stages and the internal laws that run through them in a certain order are found, so that they can be presented to us as the process of human philosophical thinking advancing forward due to internal contradictions, and the inevitable and living self-movement." 2) In the author's opinion, the "spiritual" ontology of idealism has an evolutionary process from rationality to sensibility to speculative reason and then to perceptual intuition (3), presenting a circle of negation of "homogeneous transformation".

This article attempts to take the "spiritual" elements as the content, and to use rationality, sensibility, and rationality ......It is a logical sequence that reveals the inner workings of idealistic philosophy.