In philosophy, materialism and idealism are representatives

Materialism: The basic school of philosophy as opposed to idealism. It is correct about the relationship between thinking and being, between spirit and matter, acknowledging that the universe is unified with matter, and that spirit or consciousness is the product of matter; The objective material world exists independently of the spirit, and human cognition is a reflection of objective existence.

Materialism usually always reflects the interests of an advanced class or group. In China, the representatives of materialism include Xunzi in the Warring States Period, Wang Chong in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Fan Zhen in the Southern Dynasty, Wang Fuzhi in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and Dai Zhen in the Qing Dynasty. The development of materialism in the West can be divided into the following three stages:

the naïve materialism of ancient Greece and Rome; metaphysics, materialism or mechanical materialism of the sixteenth-eighteenth centuries; Dialectical materialism and historical materialism since the nineteenth century, i.e. Marxist philosophy. (Cihai, 1989 edition of the miniature).

Idealism - the basic school of philosophy as opposed to materialism. On the basic issues of philosophy, he advocates the primacy of spirit and the secondness of matter, and believes that spirit (consciousness, concept) is the origin of the world, and the world is the product of spirit. There are two basic forms of idealism:

Subjective idealism (represented by Lu Jiuyuan and Wang Shouren in China, Berkeley in England and Fichte in Germany, etc.) and objective idealism (represented by Zhu Xi in China, Plato in ancient Greece and Hegel in Germany, etc.). The germ of idealist thought was due to the delusion and ignorance of primitive man, but the social root of this idea that developed into a philosophical system was the emergence of class and exploitation. The epistemic root of idealism lies in exaggerating or ossifying a certain aspect or part of the epistemic process into the absolute, and exaggerating the active role of consciousness.

Idealism is often closely associated with religion and theology. It is generally the worldview of reactionary classes and conservative forces.

Materialist idealism is set up to distinguish philosophical views, Chinese philosophy generally does not have this distinction, in Western philosophy, materialism and idealism are a from ancient Greece to modern times, materialism is typical: Thales is the first, the ancient Greek Aryan school, the medieval Minuteists, the 16th-17th century empiricism, the 18th century naïve materialism, the 19th century mechanical materialism are yes, idealism is also, there is materialism and idealism is the opposite, Otherwise, there would be no need to make a distinction.

Materialism: Marx.

Idealism: Wang Yangming (China).

Feuerbach is a materialist in nature, an idealism in history.

Materialism: Marx.

Idealism: Feuerbach.

Materialism: Hegel.

Idealism: Feuerbach.

These two isms are opposed to each other, and materialism proposes that matter is the source, and matter determines consciousness. Idealism proposes that the will is the source, and consciousness determines matter.

In fact, idealism represents the centering of one's own will and ideas, while materialism is centered on social practice or scientific evidence.

Idealism refers to doing everything according to one's heart's thoughts, and materialism means making judgments based on the nature of things.

Stop arguing! As long as it is based on this, it will promote world peace and make a significant contribution to mankind!

In Western philosophy, materialism and idealism are only a kind of philosophical speculation, and there is no harm in it.

No need to represent. It's Yang Ming Xinxue!

Philosophy. It's not just materialism.

Dialectics. And.

Recognize the theory of laughter.

But materialism is an important part of the philosophical system.

Materialism. Acknowledging that matter is.

The origin of the world.

Matter determines meaning, consciousness.

There is it to substances. Reaction.

Materialism with.

Idealism. Target.

Distinguish. It's about who you think you are.

Thing. The origin of the question, who decides whom. So to speak, everything you can think of in your consciousness is.

Objective. It's not you.

Subjective. imaginary, but people can play your role through these objective beings.

Subjective initiative.

For example, if you have a circle in your meaning, you can use your knowledge of the circle, the production process, to create tires, merry-go-rounds, etc., and your meaning is based on.

Real life. There is an objective existence in the big rise, and it is impossible for the things in your head to go beyond the objective reality, even if it is imagination, it is based on the right.

Objective things. on the basis of understanding.

1. The ancient Greek philosopher Heraclitus.

Viewpoint: 1. People cannot step into the same river twice, because both this river and this person are already different.

2. Everything flows, and nothing lives for a long time.

Heraclitus's assertion that "everything moves" and "everything flows" made him an outstanding representative of the "itinerant school" with naïve dialectical ideas at that time.

Second, the Warring States Period Zhao Guo Xunzi.

Viewpoint: 1. The naturalistic view of heaven and earth.

2. Use it to make the mandate of heaven.

Xunzi emphasized that "those who respect themselves" should not "admire those who worship heaven". even takes the attitude towards heaven as the criterion for distinguishing between a gentleman and a villain. It emphasizes man's subjective initiative in the face of nature, and advocates the ideas of "governing the mandate of heaven", "cutting all things", and "transforming it with energy".

Xunzi clearly declared that to know the way of heaven is to be able to dominate the way of heaven and dominate the natural world.

3. Han Feizi at the end of the Warring States Period.

Viewpoint: If you don't repair the ancients, lawlessness can often be destroyed; When the world is different, things are different; If things are different, they will be prepared;

Han Fei paid attention to studying Yu Zao's study of history, believing that history is constantly developing and progressing. And he believes that if today's world still praises "the way of Yao, Shun, Tang, and Wu", "it will be a new sage". Therefore, he advocated that "if the ancient is not repaired in time, the lawlessness is often allowed", "if the world is different, things will be different", and "if things are different, they will be prepared for change" ("Han Feizi Wuyi"), and that policies should be formulated according to today's reality.

His view of history provided a theoretical basis for the reform of the rulers of the Qing Dynasty at that time.

Representatives of Chinese and foreign idealism in ancient and modern times and their basic views:

1. George Berkeley, England.

Opinion: All that exists in the world are the things we feel. But we don't feel "matter" or "material".

George Berkeley, born in Kilkenny, Ireland, to a family of country gentlemen, was the most famous philosopher of the eighteenth century and one of the important representatives of modern empiricism, who pioneered subjective idealism.

2. Mencius during the Warring States Period.

Opinion: The highest category of Mencius's philosophical thought is heaven. Mencius inherited Confucius's idea of the Mandate of Heaven, eliminated the residual meaning of personality and deity, and imagined Heaven as a spiritual entity with moral attributes.

He said, "Those who are sincere, the way of heaven is also." Mencius defined the moral concept of sincerity as the essential attribute of heaven, and believed that heaven is the origin of the inherent moral concept of human nature.

The philosophical dialectical materialism of the brain function of the mind, the human mind is a subjective reflection of objective reality in the human brain. The most perfect form is known as the unique psychological consciousness of the wrestler. The psychology of man, the formation of consciousness under the socio-historical conditions of labor and interaction.

The psychological calmness of the human being, the consciousness that reflects the physiological mechanisms of the human brain, reflects the content that it is a product of society. Human feelings, memories, thoughts, emotions and will, etc., this highly developed special material is the dynamic reflection of the human brain on the objective world. In short, the objective world is the source of the human psyche, the organ of the brain, the human psyche.

In social life, people's psychology and consciousness are not? Only in practice to understand the objective world and transform the transformation of the objective world, and in the transformation of the objective world. The mental functioning of the brain, which suggests that the psyche of people, consciousness itself is not significant, but the product of development, highly refined materials, products, that is, the human brain.

The human psyche, consciousness is the role of objective reality in the human brain, causing a corresponding process of higher neural activity in the brain. I hope you can help.