Elaborate on the question of white horses and non horses, who raised the question of white horses an

Ancient Chinese polemicist Gongsun Long discourse"White horse"The name is different"Horses"A logical proposition in the name of the name. This proposition was originally under the Qi State during the Warring States Period? The debater said that it was first proposed, but its historical data has not been preserved.

Later, Gongsun Long strongly advocated it"White horses are not horses"In the book "Gongsun Longzi", the article "On the White Horse" has made a detailed analysis and argumentation of this proposition. Some logicians believe that the main meaning of this argument is:"Horses"This name is only fateful; "White horse"This name is both fateful and fatal.

But"Horses"The indefinite color is not a denial of the horse color, but only an emphasis"Horses"Instead of taking its definite color, it actually includes a variety of colors. "White horse"The color of life is exclusively taken from the white color that it is determined, and it can not include yellow, black and other non-white. Logically analyzed,"White horse"with"Horses"Although it has the commonality of a horse's shape, it has"Including all colors"with"Refers to white only"This is a difference in connotation"White horse"with"Horses"These two species concepts.

According to Gongsun Long's analysis,"None"In"White horses are not horses"This proposition is only made"There is a difference"、"Not the same"Solution, do not do"It's all different"、"Not included:"Untie. "Traces of the Mansion Chapter" has also clearly pointed out that Gongsun Long's"White horses are not horses", that is"Different white horses are called horses"meaning. Therefore,"White horses are not horses"This proposition also clearly reveals the dialectical relationship between the general and the individual.

But some scholars believe"None"Just made"It doesn't belong"or"It's all different"Untie. "White horses are not horses"That's it"White horses are not (completely different from or not included) horses", and thus a sophistic proposition that separates the individual from the general.

His thinking is metaphysical, ignoring the connection between the general and the individual, expanding and dividing the individual side of the white horse, as everyone knows, the white horse is the horse first, and then the white horse. Just as a woman is first a human being, and then a woman. In fact, in terms of the logical sense, Gongsun Long discovered the relationship between the extension and connotation of nouns, and knew that the two terms white horse and horse should not be confused, but he only stayed at this point, and exaggerated this aspect one-sidedly, thus denying the unified aspect of the general and the individual, the aspect of interconnection.

According to his theory, since the general and the individual are opposed to each other, the general can exist separately from the individual, and the general may not include the individual, and the individual may not need to be included in the general. This is what Gongsun Long said, "Therefore, you can be a person who has a horse, and only a horse is a horse, and a white horse is a horse." In this way, the connection between the subject and the statement in a proposition is severed.

From this metaphysical point of view, it is inevitable to see the general as an independent and self-existing entity, and the result is objective idealism. The proposition that "white horses are not horses" originally started from a certain understanding of dialectics, but the result was transformed into the opposite of dialectics.

White horses are not horses or white horses are horses, mainly due to the ambiguity of the everyday language we use. For example, a white horse is a horse, here"Yes"There are 2 different meanings, one is in the collection"Belongs", and another is"All equals"meaning.

So the white horse is a horse, for the first"Yes"Yes, but for the second one"Yes"In terms of understanding, it is wrong.

White horses are not horses and the situation is similar.

This question, I think, mainly produces the ambiguity of everyday language.

White horses are not horsesIt was Gongsun Long who proposed it.

The White Horse is not a horse refers to a logical question raised by the Chinese logician Gongsun Long, from "Gongsun Longzi White Horse Theory".

Gongsun Long said that a white horse is not a horse, a "horse" is not a "white", and a "horse" is not a "white horse", distinguishing the two from the perspective of linguistics and conceptuality. That is, a horse is a class concept, and a white horse or other horse with shape, color, and size is a specific individual. The co-phase of things.

Existence is absolute. From this, Gongsun Long established a Chinese epistemology in terms of sensory cognition.

Moreover, he also established the "Theory of Referring to Things", which is a theory of understanding the laws of general things on the basis of the ideas of famous scholars. The "thing" here refers to the concrete individual thing, and the "point" is the abstract co-phase, and Plato.

The meaning of the co-phase is basically the same.

Gongsun Long's theory of referential things is to enable us to learn to discover the common phase and universal laws of things in the vastly different individual things. For example, planets generally revolve around stars.

Philosophical Explanations of White Horses Not Horses

The philosophical explanation of the white horse is that from the perspective of pursuing the truth of things, we must know their original meaning, and we must not fall into the logical mistake of covering our ears and stealing bells. White horses are not horses are actually the embodiment of "semantic fallacy".

The white horse is not a horse is a logical question raised by Gongsun Long, which violates materialist dialectics.

But philosophy does not deny that "white horses are not horses" in specific situations and cultural backgrounds.

applications. The white horse refers to the white horse, and the "horse" represents the general term for the creature horse, and the key to this logical proposition lies in the conjunction "not". The appellation "white horse" implies that there is a connection between it and "horse", but the judgment of "non-horse" defends the general inertia of logic.

Summary. The white horse is not a horse was proposed by Gongsun Long. The White Horse is not a horse refers to a logical question raised by the Chinese logician Gongsun Long, from "Gongsun Longzi White Horse Theory".

The white horse is not a horse was proposed by Gongsun Long. "White Horse is not a Horse" is a logical amusement problem proposed by the Chinese logician Gongsun Long, from "Gongsun Longzi White Horse Theory".

Gongsun Long (320 years ago, 250 years ago) ruler boy, the legend of Zibing, China's Warring States period Zhao people, once did the plain Jun's doorman, the representative of the hundred famous people, its main work is "Gongsun Longzi", a total of 14 Gongsun Long in the Western Han Dynasty, divided into three volumes in the Tang Dynasty, lost 8 in the Northern Song Dynasty, only 6 articles remain, a total of one volume. The two most important of these are "The White Horse" and "The Theory of Jianbai", which put forward the arguments of "white horses are not horses" and "leaving Jianbai", and are the main representatives of the "Lijianbai" school. It is a well-known representative work of sophistry, which proposes the interrelationship between the "individual" and the "general" in logic, but exaggerates the difference between them, severs the connection between the two, and quietly covers a metaphysical body of thought.

Along with him is another famous artist, Hui Shi.

Gongsun Long. The white horse is not a horse is proposed by Gongsun Long. The White Horse is not a horse refers to a logical question raised by the Chinese logician Gongsun Long, from "Gongsun Longzi White Horse Theory". From a white horse being a horse to a white horse not a horse, it is the manifestation of the art of sophistry from a low stage to an advanced stage.

Gongsun Long (320 years ago, 250 years ago), the legend Zibing, China's Warring States period nuclear Jane to do Zhao Guoren, once did the Ant over the plain Jun of the doorman, the representative of the hundred famous sons of the family, its main work is "Gongsun Longzi", a total of 14 Gongsun Long in the Western Han Dynasty, divided into three volumes in the Tang Dynasty, lost 8 in the Northern Song Dynasty, only 6 articles remain, a total of one volume. The two most important of these are "The White Horse" and "The Theory of Jianbai", which put forward the arguments of "white horses are not horses" and "leaving Jianbai", and are the main representatives of the "Lijianbai" school.

The saying that white horses are not horses is recorded in "Gongsun Longzi". In "Gongsun Longzi White Horse Treatise", the core description of white horses and non-horses is like this. Said:

Can. Said: Why?

Said: The horse, so the shape of the life also; The white one, so the color of life also. The person who lives is not named.

Therefore, it is said: white horses are not horses.

Gongsun Long: To think that there is a white horse cannot be said to be that there is no horse, which is not to consider the white horse but to talk about the shape of the horse. However, the white horse is a general balance that cannot be separated from the horse, so the concept of the white horse cannot be called a horse.

Therefore, he who is called a horse is called a horse only in the form of a horse, and not a white horse. Therefore, the concept of a horse cannot be used as a concept for any specific colored horse.

The white horse is not a horse was proposed by Gongsun Long.

"White Horse Non-Horse" Sui Liang refers to a logical problem raised by the Chinese logician Gongsun Long, from "Gongsun Longzi: White Horse Theory". Gongsun Long with his white horse not horse sophistry so that many Confucians speechless, later it is said that Gongsun Long passed, the official said: "According to the custom, the person who passes the pass can, but the horse can't."

Gongsun Long said that the white horse is not a horse, and after some argumentation, the official nodded again and again after listening to it, and said: "What you said is very reasonable, please pay for the horse", this allusion is also similar to playing the piano to the cow.

It can be said that the change from "a white horse is a horse" to "a white horse is not a horse" is a manifestation of the art of sophistry from a low stage to a high stage. In the face of the discourse of "white horses are not horses", we must first understand its original meaning, otherwise we will fall into the logical fallacy of covering our ears and stealing bells. Here the "white horse" is the white horse, an animal with specific attributes.

"Horse" is the animal of horses, which is a general term for a biological group limited to the level of Zheng Coarse's "species".

Introduction to Gongsun Long

Gongsun Long (320 BC - 250 BC), the legend Zibing, was a native of Zhao during the Warring States Period of China, and once served as a guest of Pingyuan Jun. A representative of the hundred famous families of Zhuzi, his main work is "Gongsun Longzi". There were 14 articles of Gongsun Long in the Western Han Dynasty, divided into three volumes in the Tang Dynasty, 8 articles were lost in the Northern Song Dynasty, and only 6 articles remain so far, a total of one volume.

The two most important of these are "The White Horse" and "The Theory of Jianbai", which put forward the arguments of "white horses are not horses" and "leaving Jianbai", and are the main representatives of the "Lijianbai" school. It is a well-known representative work of sophistry, which proposes the interrelationship between the "individual" and the "general" in logic. But exaggerating the difference between them and severing the connection between the two is a metaphysical system of thought, and he is equally famous with another famous master, Hui Shi.

The above content reference: Encyclopedia - White Horse Non-Horse.