There are several methods of on site first aid, and what are the on site first aid measures

What are the basic methods commonly used in first aid?

Once the on-site first aid encounters an emergency and critical situation, the vital signs should be checked first to determine whether the first aid object is dead or alive, light or severe. Vital signs are consciousness, breathing, pulse, and blood pressure.

On-site first aid should check consciousness You can observe the reaction by shouting at the patient, slapping the patient's cheek, or twisting the patient's hands and feet. If you are conscious, you can ask questions and answer to the point. To determine whether a patient is unconscious, a simple way to identify this is to gently touch the cornea of the patient's eye with cotton silk.

Normal or mildly ill patients will blink immediately, while comatose patients, especially those in deep coma, will not respond. When a patient loses consciousness, the first thing to do is to keep the airway open to prevent suffocation.

For comatose patients, observe the pupils of both eyes. In a normal person, the pupils on both sides are the same size and round, and they will shrink rapidly when exposed to light (pupil response to light). When the patient's brain is severely damaged, the pupils on both sides may be abnormally large, narrowed or dilated. When the pupil is suddenly hit with flashlight light, the pupil does not shrink or shrinks unresponsively.

Patients with trauma or coma have dilated and fixed pupils that are often critically ill.

On-site first aid should check breathing The human body inhales oxygen through breathing, exhales carbon dioxide, realizes gas exchange between the internal and external environment, and maintains life. When a person's respiratory organs (including the upper respiratory tract, bronchi, lungs, and pleura) and mediastinum, heart, blood, and nervous systems become sick or poisoned, the patient will feel insufficient qi or strained breathing, which is manifested by changes in respiratory rate (frequency), depth, and rhythm. In severe cases, the patient sits upright, breathes hard, and has cyanotic lips.

If the patient has abnormal breathing, he should go to the hospital in time to find out**, in time**.

On-site first aid should observe breathing, mainly to see whether the chest and abdomen are undulating. The presence of ups and downs indicates the presence of breathing, and the absence of fluctuations indicates that the breathing is weak or has stopped. You can also place the palm of your hand or ear in front of the patient's nose or mouth to feel whether there is air in or out.

Or use a piece of yarn (or a small piece of cotton, napkin, blade of grass, etc.) in front of the patient's nose or mouth to observe whether it is blown by the air current. A normal person breathes 12-18 times per minute. The dying patient's breathing becomes rapid, shallow, and irregular; When a patient is dying, breathing becomes slow and irregular until it stops.

If breathing has stopped, artificial respiration should be performed immediately.

On-site first aid measures include judging whether the patient has vital signs, whether he is conscious, whether he has a pulse, whether he is breathing, whether he has active bleeding, etc.; For those who are unconscious, have no pulse, no breathing, no rupture of important parts of the body, no organ outflow or decapitation, immediately carry out cardiopulmonary resuscitation on the spot, do 30 chest compressions, 2 artificial respirations, and continue until the emergency personnel arrive at the scene.

Patients with active bleeding should immediately take measures that can be taken on the spot to stop the bleeding, personnel who have not received first aid training can directly compress the wound to stop bleeding, and personnel who have received first aid training can take acupressure hemostasis, direct compression hemostasis and cloth belt tightening hemostasis to stop bleeding.

In cases of fractures and spinal injuries, the patient should be immediately moved to safety for further management if the environment is dangerous. If the environment is safe, the patient can not be moved to avoid secondary injury caused by unprofessional movement; If you have a head or neck injury, do not turn your head at will.

The most basic on-site first aid knowledge and skills include cardiopulmonary resuscitation, airway obstruction first aid (Heimlich maneuver), trauma first aid four basic first aid techniques (hemostasis, bandaging, fixation, and handling).

The overall task of on-site first aid is to adopt timely and effective first aid measures and techniques to minimize the suffering of the wounded and sick, reduce the disability and mortality rate of albinism, and lay a good foundation for hospital rescue.

Priority will be given to the wounded and sick who can survive the first aid on the spot. This is a general principle. In order to better accomplish this glorious and arduous task, the following six principles must also be observed.

1. The principle of first recovery, then fixation refers to the principle that after the heart and breathing stop and rupture, the heart, lungs and brain should be restored through mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration and chest compression, resuscitation and fracture fixation.

2. The principle of stopping first and then bandaging refers to the principle of immediately stopping the bleeding with acupuncture points, tourniquets or drugs in the case of heavy bleeding from the wound, and then disinfecting and bandaging the wound.

3. The principle of giving priority to the rescue of critically ill and lightly injured patients and giving priority to patients with minor injuries after rescue.

4. In the past, most of the wounded and sick were sent first and then rescued, which often led to the wrong timing of rescue, resulting in the loss of life of people who should not have died.

Now turn it upside down, save it first, and then send it. On the way to the hospital, do not stop the rescue measures, continue to observe the changes in the condition and injury, reduce turbulence, pay attention to keeping warm, and arrive at the destination safely.

5. The principle of paying equal attention to first aid and calling for help. In the case of a large number of wounded and sick, many of them, in the current situation, strive for first aid and foreign aid faster.

6. The principle of consistency between transportation and medical treatmentIn the past, in the handling of critically ill patients, transportation, medical treatment, and monitoring were separated in thought and action. Transportation is the responsibility of the transportation department, and medical treatment on the way is assisted by the health department, as if it were only the responsibility of assistance.

Commonly used on-site first aid techniques include manual cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), including rescue breaths and chest compressions, Heimlich maneuver (first aid technique for airway foreign body obstruction), and trauma first aid techniques (bandaging, immobilization, and transport). Of course, you have to be able to call the emergency service correctly to explain the situation.

The main measures of on-site first aid: cardiopulmonary resuscitation, open airway and chest compressions for cardiorespiratory arrest patients; Emergency endotracheal intubation should be performed if the asphyxia is relieved, the oropharyngeal foreign body is removed, and the throat edema compresses the trachea; control of external bleeding; Improves respiratory function; Fix the fracture to avoid additional injury; Bandage wounds to reduce bleeding and bacterial contamination; Prevent shock.