What exactly is the French philosopher Deleuze s metaphor for tuber rhizome?

The so-called metaphor is what you want it to be, so what you want is whatever you want.

Voltaire (born November 21, 1694 – died May 30, 1778, aged 83) was a French Enlightenment thinker, writer, philosopher, famous scholar and writer.

Charles de Seconda, Baron Montesquieu (18 January 1689 – 10 February 1755) was a French thinker and lawyer of the Enlightenment, and the founder of Western doctrine and legal theory.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (June 28, 1712 - July 2, 1778), a great French Enlightenment thinker, philosopher, educator and writer in the 18th century, a pioneer of the French Revolution in the 18th century, an outstanding democratic political theorist and the founder of the Romantic literary school, and one of the most outstanding representatives of the Enlightenment.

The French value philosophical bai because of the du tradition.

On March 17, 1808, the French Emperor Napoleon issued the "Imperial University Decree", which established the baccalaureate examination system. Answer.

From the point of view of the meaning and etymology, the baccalaureate is not so much a personal creation of Napoleon as a continuation and transformation of the traditional French system.

It should be said that not only the French attach importance to philosophy, but also Western education. Because from the source, they all followed the Greek civilization, ancient Greece attached great importance to philosophy, and Western education was basically based on philosophy, and science students had to learn it.

Well, French philosophy is too broad or something. It's better to tell a story than to talk about people directly.

Descartes, "The First Philosophical Meditations", "Method Talk", etc., the originator of modern Western philosophy is this person, "I think, therefore I am" way of thinking to understand problems, is a relatively special and novel way of thinking at that time.

Later modern philosophies include Saint-Simon, Comte, Bergson, and so on. Saint-Simon and Comte are basically the same way, one on industrialism and the other on positivism; Bergson's school of thought always uses the concept of flow as a concept, believing that our epistemology is a continuous flow body, not a rigid piece like a theory.

Later, there was structuralism, such as Lévi Strauss, who was an anthropologist who emphasized that the ubiquitous structure of the human mind dominates the entire human community, such as the color of the rainbow and the study of traffic lights in the same order, and it is the same in every country.

And post-structuralism, Foucault, Derrida, Lyotard, Deleuze, Guattari, I won't sign up anymore. Because they think that the structuralist approach ultimately only leads to an infinite number of unconscious structures that suppress human beings - because once there is a structure, we will naturally conform to the structure, and human beings will be suppressed and disciplined by the structure, that is, they will reach the state of "human death".

In addition to structuralism, there is also a school of contemporary French philosophy that is existentialism. This faction had a great influence around the 60s, which directly led to the emergence of the "May Storm" (please do it yourself), represented by Sartre and Morris. Merleau-Ponty, etc., emphasize that there is nothing but existence, and "existence exists" is their famous saying (in fact, it is nonsense).

Sartre wrote "Being and Nothingness", believing that existence precedes essence, and he was very happy, but in fact, Heidegger was much more profound than him. In fact, his meaning is very simple, when we see a tree, it is not because it has the nature of a tree, but because the tree is distinguished from the surrounding air, grass, and sunlight, and there is a difference, and we know the tree.

Incidentally, the postmodern group attaches great importance to the concept of difference, which is different from the previous philosophy of identity (representative figures such as Hegel, Marx, etc., please do it yourself).

The history of Western philosophy does not need to start with Russell's book, which is too old on the one hand and obscure on the other.

You can start with some small words, such as "The Big Question", "Nietzsche's Hammer", "A Concise History of Western Philosophy", "Fifteen Lectures on Western Philosophy", etc., and then drill into the tome.

In the end, the person you said didn't understand, the span was too big...

The last of the last, pure hand play,.

Sophie's World", "Thick Black Studies" and Plato's "Republic" and Nietzsche's works.

1 All because the French ** and educators have a particularly high level of rationality, they believe that philosophy contains rich wisdom, especially the wisdom of emotional intelligence, so the role and significance of philosophy is no less than the knowledge of pure intelligence in language, mathematics and English. And the huge role of emotional intelligence is completely irreplaceable for the generation of intelligence.

Saudi Arabia is Sartre The transliteration is different.