What do you think of the history books? What do you think of Chinese history?

A good historian will try to be faithful to the facts of history and write history books as a kind of responsibility. However, no matter what a person does, he will have his own position, his own purpose, and the historian will have his own theories and models, which will inevitably affect his description of historical events, although he does not want to do it, but he can only do it. There are some things that cannot be avoided.

That being the case, we should not be too obsessed with the truth of a piece of history, and if we want to understand a history, we must read more relevant other treatises, not just the description of a historian.

It is always difficult to be objective and fair in the description of the former dynasty that was overthrown by force, and the former dynasty that is inextricably linked with the former dynasty will be written and interpreted. As for the historical records in the era of underdeveloped information, the handle is in the hands of the writer, and it is difficult for us to be completely sure of the degree of objectivity that conforms to the facts.

What are our reasons for reading history? In addition to understanding the situation at that time, our more important purpose should be to learn something from this history. When we read "Those Things in the Ming Dynasty", we can learn a lot about war, human nature, and of course, know some things that happened in the past.

History is the story of the past, and we care about the present, as well as our future. Therefore, we should learn something from the stories of history that will help us now and in the future.

History books are written by people, and if they are written by people, they have personal subjectivity, and of course, the most important thing is to have a personal standpoint. The so-called personal position is a position and a powerful environment.

Because theories are different, because a historian's theories affect his description of historical events, it is necessary to read more relevant treatises if we really want to understand the history of an event or period. "The official history is certainly serious, but the wild history sometimes has a unique flavor. "So in order to pursue the truth, we have to look at it from more different angles."

This is the attitude we should look at in relation to the theory of history.

History tells us a lot about the past, and it usually leads us to change, teaches us how to be better ourselves, offers a lot of possible solutions, and tells us what works and what we should avoid. Everyone should read history books well and learn from history. This will affect the behaviour of humanity as a whole and advance human development.

And in fact, it has always affected humanity in this way.

Existence has its own rationality. History can be said to be objective, but the "history" written into the history books cannot escape the "subjective". The so-called "actual" is seen differently in the eyes of different people, at different times or on different occasions, and from different perspectives.

A history of China is a history of the integration of various ethnic groups into a pluralistic and integrated Chinese nation, and a history of all ethnic groups jointly creating, developing, and consolidating a unified great motherland. China has been a multi-ethnic country since ancient times, and China's unity and vast territory were jointly created and developed by all ethnic groups in China. China's cultural history is also jointly created by China's 56 ethnic groups and their ancestors in the course of thousands of years of development.

Among them, the Han nationality occupies a dominant position, and each ethnic minority has made its own contribution. After thousands of years of glorious ancient agricultural civilization, Chinese society slowly developed to the Qing Dynasty. At this time, the situation in China and the world has undergone tremendous changes, and there have been so-called "unprecedented changes".

This change has put forward two very serious and urgent new historical issues for the Chinese, namely: resisting foreign aggression and striving for the independence of the country and the nation; Conform to the trend of world modernization and realize the comprehensive transformation of Chinese society. It has been more than 70 years since the founding of the People's Republic of China.

Over the past 70 years, under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, the Republic of China has continued to make unremitting efforts and arduous explorations to achieve the prosperity of the country and the all-round progress of society, to build a strong and modern country, and to the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

Excerpted from Zhang Yizhi's "Fifteen Lectures on Chinese History".

Combine the materials with the relevant historical facts of the Chinese history you have studied, choose a specific topic from an angle, and elaborate on the proposed topic. (It is required to write down the topic, take the chronology as the clue, combine the historical theory, and express the standard.) ）

The "Book of History" was written by Sima Qian.

The Book of History" is also known as the "Historical Records".

The Records of the Historian is the first general history of China written by Sima Qian. It records the history of more than 3,000 years from the era of the Yellow Emperor in ancient legends to the Yuan Hunt period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. The "Records of the Historians" originally did not have a fixed title, or "Taishi Gongshu", or "Taishi Gongchuan", or "Taishi Gongchuan", also known as "Taishi Gong".

"Historical Records" was originally a general name for ancient history books, and since the Three Kingdoms period, "Historical Records" has gradually become a special name for "Taishi Gongshu" from the general name of historical books.

Historical books include: "Historical Records", "Book of Han", "Book of the Later Han", "Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms", "Book of Jin", "Book of Song", "Book of Southern Qi", "Book of Liang", "Book of Chen", "Book of Wei", "Book of Northern Qi", "Book of Zhou", "Book of Sui", "History of the South", "History of the North", "Book of the Old Tang Dynasty", "Book of the New Tang Dynasty", "History of the Old Five Dynasties", "History of the New Five Dynasties", "History of the Song Dynasty", "History of Liao", "History of Jin", "History of the Yuan", "History of the Ming Dynasty", etc.

Historical books refer to the books that record history in ancient books, and they are the history department in the four library classifications.

Historical books are divided into the following categories according to their style:

1. Chronicles.

The biography style of history was founded in Sima Qian's "Historical Records" of the Western Han Dynasty, which centered on the biography of the characters and used the "Benji" to describe the emperor; use "family" to describe princely feudal kingdoms and special people; Use "tables" to systematize generations, lineages and characters; The system of canons and regulations is recorded in "books" or "chronicles"; Use "biographies" to record people, nationalities and foreign countries. The revised histories of the past dynasties have taken this as a model, such as the "Book of Han", and there are individual official histories without books or chronicles, such as the "Three Kingdoms".

2. Chronicle.

Chronicles are compiled in the order of year, month, and day, with years and months as the scriptures, and facts as the weft and mountains, which is relatively easy to reflect the connection between various historical events in the same period. The way of recording history in a chronicle first originated in China. For example, "Zuo Chuan" and "Zizhi Tongjian" all belong to this category.

Spring and Autumn is the earliest existing chronicle in China.

3. The end of the chronicle.

It was founded in the Southern Song Dynasty Yuan Shu's "Tongjian Chronicle". The characteristic of this genre is that historical events are the key link, and important historical events are listed separately and written independently, and each article is compiled in the order of year, month, and day. There are nine ancient books that excavate the original and late texts.

4. Country-specific entities.

The country-specific history book was founded in the "Chinese language", and the country-specific history book is a historical prose of some national chronicles, which contains the history of many countries, such as the "Warring States Policy" belongs to this category.

The 24 histories are the general name of the 24 official histories of ancient China. Namely: "Historical Records" (Han Sima Qian), "Han Shu" 62616964757a686964616fe4b893e5b19e31333264626539 (Han Bangu), "Later Han Book" (Southern Song Fan Ye), "Three Kingdoms" (Jin Chen Shou), "Jin Shu" (Tang Fang Xuanling, etc.), "Song Book" (Southern Dynasty Liang Shen Yue), "Southern Qi Book" (Southern Dynasty Liang Xiao Zixian), "Liang Shu" (Tang Yao Silian), "Chen Shu" (Tang Yao Silian) , Book of Wei (Northern Qi Wei Shu), Book of Northern Qi (Tang Li Baiyao), Book of Zhou (Tang Linghu Dedi, etc.), Book of Sui (Tang Wei Zheng, etc.), History of the Southern (Tang Li Yanshou), Northern History (Tang Li Yanshou), Old Tang Book (Later Jin Liu Yun, etc.), New Tang Book (Song Ouyang Xiu, Song Qi), History of the Old Five Dynasties (Song Xue Juzheng, etc.), History of the New Five Dynasties (Song Ouyang Xiu), History of the Song Dynasty (Yuan Detachment, etc.), History of the Liao Dynasty (Yuan Tuotuo, etc.), History of Jin (Yuan · Detachment, etc.), "History of the Yuan" (Ming Song Lian, etc.), "History of the Ming Dynasty" (Qing Dynasty, Zhang Tingyu, etc.).

The name of "official history" was first seen in the "Book of Sui and the Book of Books": "There are writings in the world, all of which are intended to be classes and horses, and they are thought to be official history." Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty established the "Twenty-four History", and the term "Formal History" refers specifically to the "Twenty-four History".

According to the provisions of the "Siku Quanshu", the official history category "Those who have not been judged will not be published indiscriminately." Cover the official history of the body respect, righteousness and scripture matching, not hanging the edicts, do not dare to increase privately", that is, without the approval of the emperor, shall not be included in the official history. The Twenty-Four Histories have a total of 3,249 volumes and about 40 million words.

The time it recounts, from the first "Historical Records" to the legendary Yellow Emperor, to the last "History of the Ming Dynasty" to the 17th year of Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty (1644 AD), which lasted more than 4,000 years. The content of the 24 histories is very rich, recording the economic, political, cultural, artistic, scientific and technological deeds of the past dynasties.

The 24 histories are the general name of the 24 official histories of ancient China. Namely: "Historical Records" (Han Sima Qian), "Han Shu" (Han Bangu), "Later Han Book" (Southern Song Fan Ye), "Three Kingdoms" (Jin Chen Shou), "Jin Shu" (Tang Fang Xuanling, etc.), "Song Book" (Southern Dynasty Liang Shen Yue), "Southern Qi Book" (Southern Dynasty Liang Xiao Zixian), "Liang Shu" (Tang Yao Silian), "Chen Shu" (Tang Yao Silian), "Wei Shu" (Northern Qi Wei Shu), "Northern Qi Book" (Tang Li Baiyao), "Zhou Shu" (Tang Linghu Dedi, etc.), "Sui Shu" (Tang · Wei Zheng et al.), "Southern History" (Tang Li Yanshou), "Northern History" (Tang Li Yanshou), "Old Tang Book" (Later Jin Dynasty, Liu Yun, etc.), "New Tang Book" (Song Ouyang Xiu, Song Qi), "History of the Old Five Dynasties" (Song Xue Juzheng, etc.), "New History of the Five Dynasties" (Song Ouyang Xiu), "Song History" (Yuan Tuo, etc.), "Liao History" (Yuan Tuo, etc.), "Jin History" (Yuan Detachment, etc.), "Yuan History" (Ming Song Lian, etc.), "Ming History" (Qing Zhang Tingyu, etc.).

The name of "official history" was first seen in the "Book of Sui and the Book of Books": "There are writings in the world, all of which are intended to be classes and horses, and they are thought to be official history." Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty established the "Twenty-four History", and the term "Formal History" refers specifically to the "Twenty-four History".

According to the provisions of the "Siku Quanshu", the official history category "Those who have not been judged will not be published indiscriminately." Cover the official history of the body respect, righteousness and scripture matching, not hanging the edicts, do not dare to increase privately", that is, without the approval of the emperor, shall not be included in the official history. The Twenty-Four Histories have a total of 3,249 volumes and about 40 million words.

The time it recounts from the first "Historical Records" to the legendary Yellow Emperor, and the last "History of the Ming Dynasty" recounts to the 17th year of Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty (1644 AD).

Answer: Generally, every dynasty will have a Du historian, and the zhi who records the history of the current dynasty is the historian, one.

After the death of a historian, the historian behind the edition will record it again, and the right to deduce this way. And Sima Qian summed it up according to the books left by previous historians, and then interviewed the elders, and then there will be the book "Historical Records".

The history books were written by historians, and he wrote them in a rigorous and cautious manner, after a lot of field investigations, and then repeatedly seeking evidence. However, because of the passage of time, many of them cannot be verified, so there are indispensable elements of false first-level speculation. Therefore, when reading history books, we must use a skeptical eye, and we cannot believe it, and some of them are obviously very fake, which can be seen.