In which dynasty did the stone mill originate, and the historical significance of the stone mill

Milling, at first, was called grinding in the Han Dynasty. Exactly what era it was born in, few people can know the question at present. According to the "World Book" and other documents, "the public loses.

It is inferred that the use of circular stone grinding in our country began in the early Warring States period. Because the public loss generally refers to Luban.

Luban and Mozi.

for contemporaries (475 376 BC). However, people have long been skeptical about the correctness of the record in the "World Book". When Professor Liu Xianzhou, a well-known expert on the history of construction machinery in China, cited this information, he only cautiously inferred:

Stone grinding should have been used at least 2,000 years ago.

Archaeological discoveries about stone grinding belong to the Warring States period.

There is only one case in Handan City, Hebei Province, and the report is too simplistic, there are no pictures or dimensions, but it is written behind the unearthed relics and stone tools: "There are large and small stone mills, stone mortars, stone hammers, stone stones, pillar foundations, etc.", which cannot provide reliable materials for us to study this problem. Now, the archaeological discovery of stone mill that can be recognized by people is the earliest stone mill unearthed from the site of Qin stone processing plant in Zhengzhuang, Lintong, Shaanxi.

The use of circular stone mills in China can be traced back to the Qin Dynasty at the earliest. If we take into account that the Qin Dynasty existed very short in Chinese history, then it is still tenable to set the time when China's circular stone mill began to be used in the late Warring States period.

Stone grinding is a kind of machinery used to process rice, wheat, beans and other grains into flour and pulp. It began to use human or animal power, and in the Jin Dynasty, the Chinese working people invented water mills powered by water. It is usually made of two cobblestones.

The mill is two layers of a plane, and the joints of the two layers have textures, and the grain enters the middle of the two layers from the hole above, moves outward along the texture, and is ground when rolled over the two layers to form a powder.

Mill was originally called 硙 (wei), and it was called mill in the Han Dynasty.

The development of stone grinding in China is divided into three periods: early, middle and late

Stone grinding from the Warring States period to the Western Han Dynasty is the early period, the grinding teeth of this period are mainly pits, and the shapes of the pits are rectangular, round, triangular, jujube core, etc., and the shapes are diverse and irregular; From the Eastern Han Dynasty to the middle of the Three Kingdoms, this period was a period of diversified development of grinding teeth, and the shape of grinding teeth was radial zoning oblique type, with four districts, six districts, and eight districts; The late period is from the Western Jin Dynasty to the Sui and Tang dynasties (to the present), this period is the mature stage of the development of stone mills, and the main stream of grinding teeth is the eight-zone oblique type, and there are also ten-zone oblique types.

Grinding is human, animal, and hydraulic. The mill powered by water power was invented around the Jin Dynasty. The power part of the water mill is a horizontal water wheel, the upper fan of the mill is installed on the vertical shaft of the wheel, and the flowing water impulse water wheel drives the mill to rotate, and this mill is suitable for being installed in the place where the impulse force of the water is relatively large.

If the impulse force of the water is relatively small, but the amount of water is relatively large, another form of water mill can be installed: the power machine is a vertical wheel, and a gear is installed on the axle, which is connected with a gear mounted flat at the lower part of the grinding shaft. The rotation of the water wheel is made by turning the mill through gears.

These two forms of water mill are relatively simple in structure and widely used.

In the 70s of the twentieth century, people skillfully combined ancient technology and modern elements to create a stone mill driven by electric motors, including two styles of stone mill and disc stone mill and roller stone mill. The grinding part of the disc stone mill is divided into two parts: fixed and rotating, forming a horizontal structure, the fixed part is a one-half cylindrical groove that coincides with the rotating part on a long side of a rectangular stone, the rotating part is made into a cylinder, the middle chisel hole penetrates into the transmission shaft, the surface of the contact area between the semi-circular stone groove and the rotating cylinder is engraved with a pattern similar to that of the ancient stone mill, and the corresponding shielding transmission part forms the product of the combination of ancient and new; The grinding part of the roller stone mill is a roller-shaped cylindrical rock, shaped like the grinding roller of a steel mill, and the surface is engraved with a pattern similar to that of an ancient stone mill.

According to the records in the "World Book", the stone mill was also invented by Lu Ban. Legend has it that Lu Ban used two relatively hard cobblestones, each chiseled into a dense shallow groove, put them together, and used human or animal power to turn it, and then ground the rice flour into powder. Prior to this, people processed grain by putting it in a stone mortar and pounding it with a pestle.

1. Polished stone tools are Mesolithic.

2. The grinding of stone tools began about 10,000 years ago and ended from more than 5,000 to more than 2,000 years ago. It refers to the tool made of rock as raw material, it is the main production tool of human beings, and it prevailed in the early stage of human history, such as Suiqiao. From the appearance of human beings to the appearance of bronze objects, a total of two to three million years have passed, belonging to the primitive society period.

3. Polished stone tools refer to stone tools with polished surfaces, which are first beaten or cut into appropriate shapes by stone and then ground and processed on stones. There are many types, and the common ones are axes, rust demolition, chisels, knives, inlays, clusters, etc. Locally polished stone tools began to appear in the Mesolithic period.

Polished stone tools are Neolithic. In the Neolithic period, the whole body grinding and ruler light stone tools were widely used, and they continued to be used in the Bronze Age. It has the dual function of weapons and tools.

Polished stone tools, the stage of development of human material culture marked by the use of polished stone tools, is archaeologically the last stage of the Stone Age.

Polished stone tools refer to stone tools with a polished surface. There are many types, and the common ones are about axes, rusts, chisels, knives, inlays, clusters, etc. Locally polished stone tools began to appear in the Mesolithic period.

Grinding stone tools began about 10,000 years ago and ended from more than 5,000 to more than 2,000 years ago, and are the most common tools made of rock.

According to different stages of development, it can be divided into the Paleolithic and Neolithic, and some people list the Mesolithic as a transitional Mesolithic between the Neolithic and the Paleolithic.