What are the methods of discourse, what are the methods of argumentation, and what are the functions

The method of argumentation.

1. Example argumentation: Example argument is a method of proving an argument with examples as arguments. It requires that the examples cited be concise and concise, credible, typical and representative.

Exemplary arguments are often marked by "such as" and "such as". 2. Figurative argument: Figurative argument is to prove things or profound truths that are not easy to understand by using simple things or truths that are easy for people to understand, and to prove the correctness of arguments in this way.

The sentence of a figurative argument contains both ontology and metaphor. 3. Comparative argumentation: Comparative argument is to compare another problem with another problem when discussing it, so as to specifically and clearly demonstrate the problem thoroughly and thoroughly.

Contrast, which can be both comprehensive and partial. There are two kinds of comparative argumentative language: one is the obvious linguistic signs such as "opposite" and "but"; The second is the use of antonyms.

4. Citation argument (citation method): Citation argument is a method of proving an argument with the remarks of classic writers, the truth recognized by the public, and the ancient sayings, proverbs, and colloquialisms. The method of citing arguments can strongly support and strengthen the argument of the article and enhance the explanatory power.

However, it is necessary to avoid excessive quotation when applying, so as not to affect the author's elaboration of his own views. The citation method often uses quotation marks to indicate the content cited, and sometimes there are hints, such as "so-and-so once said" or "so-and-so thinks" and so on. Thank you, the argumentation method of the discussion ** 1, example argument:

An exemplary argument is a method of proving an argument with examples as evidence. It requires that the examples cited be concise and concise, credible, typical and representative. Exemplary arguments are often marked by "such as" and "such as".

2. Figurative argument: Figurative argument is to prove things or profound truths that are not easy to understand by using simple things or truths that are easy for people to understand, and to prove the correctness of arguments in this way. The sentence of a figurative argument contains both ontology and metaphor.

3. Comparative argumentation: Comparative argument is to compare another problem with another problem when discussing it, so as to specifically and clearly demonstrate the problem thoroughly and thoroughly. Contrast, which can be both comprehensive and partial.

There are two kinds of comparative argumentative language: one is the obvious linguistic signs such as "opposite" and "but"; The second is the use of antonyms. 4. Citation-based argumentation (citation method):

Quotation argument is a method of proving an argument with the remarks of classic writers, the truths recognized by the public, and the use of ancient sayings, proverbs, and colloquialisms. The method of citing arguments can strongly support and strengthen the argument of the article and enhance the explanatory power. However, it is necessary to avoid excessive quotation when applying, so as not to affect the author's elaboration of his own views.

The citation method often uses quotation marks to indicate the content cited, and sometimes there are hints, such as "so-and-so once said" or "so-and-so thinks" and so on.

1. Argument by example: Demonstrate by giving specific examples, so as to make the argument more concrete and convincing.

Answer format: The argumentation method of example argument is used, and the ...... is given(summary example) proves ......(If there is a sub-argument, write the sub-argument it proves, otherwise the central argument) so that the argument is more concrete and persuasive.

2. Reasoning argumentation: prove the argument by reasoning, so that the argument is more generalized and deeper.

Format of answer: The argumentation method of the rational argument is used to demonstrate the ......so that the argument is more generalized and deeper.

Note: If you cite famous quotes, aphorisms, and authoritative data, it can enhance the persuasiveness and authority of the argument; Cites celebrity anecdotes and anecdotes can enhance the interest of the argument and attract readers to read it.

Answer format: The argumentation method of citing arguments is used, by citing ......Proof ......points of view to make the argument more convincing. (or more interesting, to entice the reader to read on).

3. Comparative argumentation. The role is to highlight.

Format of Answer: The argumentation method of contrastive argumentation is used, which will be ......and ......The comparison highlights the ......point of view.

4. Figurative argumentation: The truth can be explained in an easy-to-understand and easily accepted manner. Make the content of the argument more vivid and vivid, and more conducive to the reader's understanding.

Answer format: The argumentation method of figurative argument is used, which will be ......Likened to ......, proving ......so as to expound the abstract and esoteric truth vividly and vividly, and it is easy to understand.

Briefly describe the method of Han Yu's "Preface to Meng Dongye".

Arguments, examples, demonstrate: for example, the argument on which the argument is based, the argument is in the case of the argument. Examples are needed to briefly summarize the authentic, typical representatives.

Frequently used examples demonstrate the phrase "such as a logo." The metaphor of the metaphor: the metaphor of the argument, the reason why the simple thing or person is easy to prove, which is not easy to understand or the profound truth, this method proves the correctness of the argument.

Analogical parameter sentences include both physical and metaphorical. 3. Comparative opinion: Compare the parameters to discuss one problem, another problem and its control, and the specific discussion clearly shows thoroughly.

In contrast, both across the board and contrast. There are two cases of the language of comparative arguments: first, "holding hands", "but" explicit linguistic symbols; Use antonyms.

4. Quotation Parameters (Citation): Reference Parameters are the remarks of a classic writer, the truth recognized by everyone, and the arguments that prove ancient sayings, proverbs, and sayings. The literature shows that this method can effectively support and reinforce the articles of their arguments, as well as enhance the explanatory power.

However, it is necessary to prevent the overuse of citations, so it does not affect the elaboration of their opinions. Quoting legal quotation marks indicates the content of the citation, sometimes prompting, such as "so-and-so once said" or "so-and-so", etc. Thank you ah for the method of argumentation, e.g. arguments:

For example, the arguments are based on the arguments in this case, arguments. Examples are needed to briefly summarize the authentic, typical representatives. For example, proof often uses "such as" for example, signs.

The metaphor of the metaphor: the metaphor of the argument, the reason why the simple thing or person is easy to prove, which is not easy to understand or the profound truth, this method proves the correctness of the argument. Analogical parameter sentences include both physical and metaphorical.

3. Comparative opinion: Compare the parameters to discuss one problem, another problem and its control, and the specific discussion clearly shows thoroughly. In contrast, both across the board and contrast.

There are two cases of the language of comparative arguments: first, "holding hands", "but" explicit linguistic symbols; Use antonyms. 4. Citation: Parameters (citation):

Reference parameters are the statements of a classic writer, the truth that everyone recognizes, proving the arguments of ancient sayings, proverbs, sayings. The literature shows that this method can effectively support and reinforce the articles of their arguments, as well as enhance the explanatory power. However, it is necessary to prevent the overuse of citations, so it does not affect the elaboration of their opinions.

Quotes in legal quotation marks indicate the content of the citation, sometimes prompting, such as "so-and-so once said," or "so-and-so."

Methods of argumentation. It includes factual arguments, reasoning arguments, comparative arguments, metaphorical arguments, causal arguments, citation arguments, and theoretical arguments.

3. Arguments of positive and negative: right and wrong are clear, right and wrong are clear, and they are impressive, making the argument more powerful or attractive.

4. Figurative argumentation: the truth is easy to understand, the language is vivid and vivid, and it is easy to be accepted.

5. Cite arguments: Quote famous sayings or quote some ordinary people's statements to make them more authoritative and popular, and make the argument powerful.

6. Causal argument: let people figure out the cause and effect of things, and the ins and outs.

7. Theoretical argumentation: The purpose is to prove that the argument is universal and regular.

Illustrate with examples.

Give conclusive, sufficient, and representative examples to prove the argument.

Justification. Famous sayings and aphorisms of ancient and modern Chinese and foreign celebrities, as well as well-known theorems and formulas, etc., to prove the arguments.

Contrasting arguments. Compare the positive and negative arguments or arguments and prove the arguments in the comparison.

Figurative argument. Use well-known metaphors to prove the argument. In addition, in the refutation, the refutation method of "using the spear of the son and the shield of the attacker" and the "fallacy method" are often adoptedIt is often used in combination in the majority meeting.

Inductive arguments. It is also called "factual argument".It is a method of demonstrating a general conclusion by giving specific examples.

Deductive arguments. Also called "theoretical argument", it is the method of arguing individual cases in terms of general principles or conclusions, that is, using universal arguments to prove particularity.

Analogical argument. It is the method of deriving examples of similar things from what is known, that is, the method of argumentation from the general to the particular.

Causal arguments. It proves an argument by analyzing the facts and revealing the causal relationship between the argument and the argument. Causal arguments can be based on causality, or causal evidence, or causal evidence, or mutual causality.

Cite arguments. A kind of "reasoning argument", citing famous sayings as arguments, citing classics to analyze problems and explain the reasoning. There are two ways to quote: one is explicit citation, which explains who said the quoted words or their sources, and the other is implicit quotations, that is, they do not explain who said or came from the quoted words.

What are the different methods of argumentation?

1. Narrative: The method of narrating according to the chronological order of the occurrence and development of events.

2. Flashback: The method of mentioning the ending of the event or a prominent fragment to the front, and then narrating it from the beginning of the event.

3. Interpolation: In the process of narrating the main event, according to the needs of expression, the narration of other contents related to the central event is inserted by temporarily interrupting the main line.

4. Flat narration: It is a parallel narrative, that is, a narrative of two or more events that happened in different places at the same time.

5. Supplemental narration: In the process of narration, make necessary supplements and explanations to some of the things and situations involved in the previous text.

6. Direct narration: Direct narration is a face-to-face dialogue between the speaker and the listener. The speaker should stand in his own shoes and express himself in the first person to the listener.

7. Indirect narration: Indirect narration is when the speaker paraphrases someone else's words to the listener. The speaker should put himself in the shoes of a third person and speak the content of the paraphrase to the listener in a third-person tone.

The second paragraph uses the contrasting arguments of the ancient saints and the people of the present, the witch doctors, musicians, and the people of the scholars.

In the third paragraph, the author uses the example of Confucius to learn from the teacher, points out the deeds of the ancient sages who attached importance to the way of the teacher, and further clarifies the necessity of the teacher and the principle of taking the capable as the teacher.

Function. Everything in the world is often compared and there are drawbacks. "There is a comparison to distinguish", once the two things are compared by the Sakura Hall clan, you can distinguish the difference between each other.

Therefore, the method of comparative argumentation is often used in the discussion to compare and contrast two contradictory or opposing things, and reason from both positive and negative aspects, so as to reveal the essence of things and make the expounded facts more profound and convincing.

The contrast between the true and the false can be removed from the false and the true; The contrast between good and evil can suppress evil and promote good; The contrast between right and wrong can set things right. Therefore, the use of positive and negative arguments is more powerful and the point of view is clearer than the argument from the positive side alone. In particular, topics that contain contrasting factors, such as "Thrift and Luxury", "Asking and Giving", "Contentment and Happiness" and "Lack of Knowledge", etc., are suitable for this method to complete the composition.

There are 9 argumentation methods, including example argument, truth argument, banquet comparison argument, metaphorical argument, inductive argument, deductive argument, analogy argument, causal argument, and quotation argument. Most of the commonly used arguments are example arguments, rational arguments, comparative arguments, and metaphorical arguments. Slippery old.

There are several methods of argumentation:

1. Example argumentation: cite conclusive, sufficient, and representative examples to prove the argument;

2. Reasoning and argumentation: use the incisive opinions in the classic works of Marxism-Leninism, the famous sayings and aphorisms of ancient and modern Chinese and foreign celebrities, and the commonly recognized theorems and formulas to prove the arguments;

3. Comparative argumentation: compare the positive and negative arguments or arguments, and prove the arguments in the comparison;

4. Metaphorical argument: Use well-known things as metaphors to prove arguments. In addition, in the refutation, the refutation method of "using the spear of the son and the shield of the attacker" and the "fallacy method" are often adoptedIt is often used in combination in the majority meeting.

5. Citing wide blind branch arguments: citing arguments is more complicated, which is related to specific citation materials, including quoting famous quotes, aphorisms, authoritative data, celebrity anecdotes, jokes and anecdotes, etc., and its role should be specifically analyzed. For example, quoting famous quotes, aphorisms, and authoritative data can enhance the persuasiveness and authority of the argument; Cites celebrity anecdotes and anecdotes can enhance the interest of the argument and attract readers to read it.

There are a few things to keep in mind when using metaphorical arguments:

First, the things used as metaphors should be familiar, concrete, and simple for everyone, so that they can be both popular and vividly illustrate another thing.

Second, the parables should be appropriate and natural, and should be able to properly illustrate the characteristics of things that are being demonstrated by the gods. Teachers can be compared to candles and spring silkworms, indicating that they selflessly give everything they have, but they cannot be compared to being able to make others clean, but they themselves are like dirtier and dirtier rags and brooms.

The third is that any metaphor is flawed because the two sides of the parable lack an intrinsic connection. In order to discuss a problem completely and profoundly, we should not rely on just a few metaphors, but should use it in combination with the method of illustration and careful analysis.