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The Lugou Bridge Incident is also known as the "77 Incident". The beginning of the full-scale war of aggression against China launched by Japanese imperialism and the nationwide war of resistance against Japanese aggression in China. After the September 18 Incident in 1931, due to the non-resistance policy adopted by the Kuomintang, the Japanese invaders, after occupying the three northeastern provinces of China, invaded Rehe, invaded Shanghai, invaded Hebei, stepped up the increase of troops in North China, and prepared for a full-scale war of aggression against China.
After the Xi'an Incident, China's anti-Japanese national united front gradually took shape, and Japan, which was in the midst of a world capitalist economic crisis, attempted to extricate itself from its predicament by a full-scale war of aggression against China. On the night of July 7, 1937, the three major teams of the 1st Wing of the Japanese Army stationed in Fengtai, under the leadership of Captain Setsuro Shimizu, conducted a military exercise north of the Lugou Bridge with the Lugou Bridge as the target of attack. At about night, the Japanese army threatened that one soldier was missing, demanded to enter Wanping City to search, and fired guns in demonstration.
Matsui Taikuro, head of the Japanese secret service in Wanping, made representations to the Political Affairs Committee of the Jicha Procuratorate. The Chinese side said that it could search for it on its behalf and refused to allow the Japanese army to enter the city. The Japanese army shelled Wanping City that night, and transferred a battalion to the west of the canal to attack the Lugou Bridge from the east and west.
The 219th Regiment of the 37th Division of the 29th Army of the Chinese defenders rose up to resist under the leadership of the regiment commander Ji Xingwen. The Lugou Bridge Incident broke out. On the second day of the Lugou Bridge Incident, the CCP issued a telegram, calling for "only the whole nation to carry out the War of Resistance is our way out."
We demand immediate and resolute resistance to the attacking Japanese forces, and immediate preparations for new events. "Call on the people of the whole country to defend Pingjin and Tianjin with arms, defend North China, and shed the last drop of blood for the defense of the country!" "On the 9th, the Red Army telegraphed the whole country, asking for help to resist Japan.
The anti-Japanese salvation movement from all walks of life across the country developed rapidly. On July 15, Chiang Kai-shek made a speech in Lushan, saying that "when the last moment comes, we can only sacrifice to the end and resist the war to the end." On August 14, the People** issued the "Statement of Self-Defense and Anti-Japanese War".
On the 22nd, it was announced that the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army would be reorganized into the Eighth Route Army of the National Revolutionary Army, with an independent command structure. On September 22, the National News Agency issued the "Declaration of the Communist Party of China for the Promulgation of the Cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party". On the 23rd, Chiang Kai-shek issued a speech recognizing the legitimate status of the Chinese Communist Party.
The anti-Japanese national united front was formally formed, and China's national war of resistance against Japanese aggression began with the Lugou Bridge Incident.
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On the afternoon of July 7, 1937, the 8th Squadron of the 3rd Brigade of the 1st Wing of the Japanese North China Garrison Army, led by Captain Setsuro Shimizu, drove to the area between Huilongmiao and Dayao, which was close to the Chinese garrison at Lugou Bridge. At 7:30 p.m., the Japanese army began the exercise. At 22:40, the Japanese army claimed that gunshots were heard in the exercise area and that a soldier (Kikujiro Shimura) was "missing", and immediately forcibly asked to enter Wanping City, the garrison of the Chinese garrison, to search, but the 219th Regiment of the 110th Brigade of the 37th Division of the Chinese 29th Army sternly refused.
On the one hand, the Japanese army deployed for battle, and on the other hand, under the pretext of "gunfire" and the "disappearance" of soldiers, they pretended to negotiate with the Chinese side. At around 24 o'clock, the Hebei inspection authorities received a letter from Matsui Taikuro, director of the Japanese secret service in Beiping. Matsui said:
Yesterday, the Japanese troops were exercising on the outskirts of Lugou Bridge, and when they suddenly heard the sound of gunfire, they immediately collected their troops and found that they were missing a soldier, and they suspected that the person who fired the guns was the Chinese army stationed at Lugou Bridge, and they believed that the soldiers who fired the guns had already entered the city, and demanded that they immediately enter the city to search them. The Chinese side refused to allow Japanese troops to enter the city in the middle of the night, which might cause local unrest, and that Chinese officers and soldiers were sleeping soundly and that the gunfire was not fired by the Chinese side. Soon after, Matsui sent another call to the Jicha authorities saying that if the Chinese side did not allow it, the Japanese army would forcibly enter the city by force to search.
At the same time, the Jicha authorities received a report from the Chinese defenders at Lugou Bridge that the Japanese army had formed an encirclement and offensive posture against Wanping City. In order to prevent the situation from escalating, the procuratorial authorities agreed to coordinate the dispatch of personnel to Lugou Bridge to investigate after consultation with the Japanese side. At this time, the Japanese side claimed that the "missing" soldiers had returned to the team, but they did not report it.
At about 5 o'clock in the morning of July 8, the Japanese army suddenly launched an artillery bombardment, and the headquarters of the Chinese 29th Army immediately ordered the officers and soldiers on the front line: "Ensure the Lugou Bridge and Wanping City", "The Lugou Bridge is the grave of Er, and it should live and die with the bridge and must not retreat." "The 3rd Battalion of the 219th Regiment, which guarded Lugou Bridge and Wanping City, rose up to resist under the command of regiment commander Ji Xingwen and battalion commander Jin Zhenzhong.
After the July 7 Incident, Japan mobilized almost all its military forces and began a full-scale invasion of China.
The July 7 Incident was the beginning of China's all-out War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, and China opened up the first large-scale anti-fascist battlefield in the East. The second cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party was realized, and the anti-Japanese national united front was finally formed; The Red Army was reorganized into the Eighth Route Army and the New Fourth Army.
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