The difference between the bureaucratic system and the system of electing officials, and when did th

The two are not opposites, and the bureaucracy includes how to select**. I reckon you want to know when bureaucrats are ** appointed and when they start to be selected by examination.

Around the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, all feudal princes and ministers were hereditary, such as Qi Wen Gong and Qin Mu Gong are family heirlooms. In addition, some of the subordinates have a variety of appointments, such as military merits, self-recommendation, and recruitment, but they mainly depend on the monarch's preferences.

In the case of the Han Dynasty (the Qin Dynasty was too short to be discussed), the probation system was implemented, that is, the local governor inspected and selected talents at any time in the area under his jurisdiction, and recommended them to his superiors or **, and then appointed to official positions after probation and assessment. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the system of inspection was gradually monopolized by the family of gate valves, and most of the people recommended were children of the family. Cao Cao engaged in a nine-grade Zhongzheng system, which is similar to the inspection system, mainly depending on one's reputation and family background, this system continued to the Sui Dynasty, and the Sui Dynasty began to hold the imperial examination system, that is, the examination system, but this system was only open to the children of the family at the beginning, and ordinary people could not take the test, and the vast majority of the prime ministers of the Tang Dynasty came from the family.

The children of real commoners can also take the examination for officials from the beginning of the Song Dynasty, and then the imperial examination system continued to the Qing Dynasty and exported to Europe, and today the British civil service system (civil service) examination is imitated by the imperial examination.

Some people say that today's college entrance examination is a "modern imperial examination", but it is difficult to say. However, in most countries in the world, there are exams to go to university, but the admission rate is different.

During the Sui and Tang dynasties, the greatest contribution to the selection of officials was the creation of the imperial examination system. The biggest difference between the imperial examination system and the probationary system is that the probationary examination system is recommended by others and supplemented by examinations; The imperial examination system is self-recommendation, and the selection is determined by examination. The imperial examination system played an important role in the Tang Dynasty.

He changed the disadvantages of the decentralization of power in the previous system of electing officials, adapted to the need to strengthen the centralization of power, and completely returned the selection power of officials to the imperial court. It also expanded the social base of the ruling clique, broke the monopoly of the bureaucratic family on the political power by relying on the seniority of the family, opened up a way for small and medium-sized landlords and even ordinary people to enter the government, and formed a political channel from the lower class to the upper class. In particular, the imperial examination system combines the education system with the system of electing officials as a whole, which to a certain extent ensures the intellectualization of the bureaucratic contingent and is conducive to cultivating the moral character of officials; at the cultural level, it ensures a high degree of integration of social ideology and political ideology, and plays a marked role in maintaining social stability.

Therefore, the imperial examination system was not only appreciated by the rulers of the Tang Dynasty, but also by subsequent dynasties, and became one of the most important institutional achievements in ancient China.

The evolution of the ancient system of electing officials has mainly gone through the following stages.

1. Xia, Shang and Zhou eras: "Shiqing Shilu system" prevailed in the Xia, Shang and Zhou eras. At the end of the primitive society, after the destruction of the Zen concession system of "the world is for the public" to select talents and abilities, the hereditary system of "the world and the courtesy" appeared;

2. Qin State: Knighthood was awarded according to military merits, breaking the system of hereditary titles of slave owners and nobles, which was conducive to the enhancement of the power of the emerging landlord class, and was a typical era of merit and merit;

3. Two Han Dynasty: The Han Dynasty established a complete set of election system for electing talents, including the probation system and the requisition system;

4. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties: the nine-product Zhongzheng system was implemented, focusing on the family background;

5. Imperial examination system: from Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty (New Deal at the end of the Qing Dynasty). The open examination absorbed many Han scholars into the political power, which was conducive to expanding and consolidating the political foundation of feudal rule and changing the situation in which the clan lords controlled the government in the early feudal period.

The evolution of the official election system should start from the Three Kingdoms period, starting with the inspection and recruitment system, when Cao Cao became an official through the inspection system, he finally sat on the prime minister, and then Li in the Chen Qing table also became an official through filial piety, and when it came to the Sui Dynasty, the inspection and recruitment system was reformed, and the reform became the imperial examination system, and the imperial examination became the only way to enter the room.

The imperial examination system is very convenient,It is also a very good way to select talents,The imperial examination system is the Hunan style city of Huishi TV through layers of selection,Finally, you can get a certain ranking on TV,The top three are the champion polar exploration flowers, right?

Qin military meritorious system; the two Han Dynasty inspection system; Wei and Jin Nine Products Zhongzheng System; Sui, Tang, Yuan, Ming and Qing imperial examination system. Changes: The military merit system is based on military merit, the probation system is based on virtue (filial piety), the Jiupin Zhongzheng system is based on the family, and the imperial examination system is based on academic ability.

According to the high school textbooks, to put it simply, the examination system - the nine-product Zhongzheng system - the imperial examination system.