The name of the process of making porcelain, the process of making porcelain

More than 1000 words.

The complete process of making porcelain generally goes through the following processes.

Clay refining: The raw materials of the porcelain fetus - kaolin and porcelain stone are polished, removed and kneaded evenly and then blended into porcelain clay used to make porcelain.

Billet making: The quenched and tempered porcelain clay is made into the shape of the porcelain required by the mold, and the billet tire is cooled to semi-dry as for the turning plate, and the surface is rotated with a knife to ensure the smooth appearance of the porcelain. Finally, carving knives of different materials (iron, bone, wood, etc.) are used to carve patterns on the exterior according to the needs.

Glazing: There are different ways to glaze the porcelain according to its geometry. Round-mouthed porcelain (a type of vessel with a round diameter that is formed by the blank drawing method) soaks the porcelain body in a glaze paste.

Larger porcelain, or irregularly shaped porcelain, is glazed by blowing glaze. Regardless of the method used, it is important to ensure that the glaze is evenly dispersed.

Underglaze: General household porcelain and Chinese Yuan Dynasty blue and white porcelain belong to this category:

The pigment is applied directly to the unglazed porcelain and then glazed. Because the pigment is encased under the glaze, the color can be preserved for a long time and is not easily worn out. However, due to the application of underglaze color, the pigment will be burned at a high temperature for about 1 day, which will cause the color of some porcelain to change, so the color of the porcelain of underglaze color will change more.

Glaze color: The uncolored porcelain glaze is put into the kiln to sinter into plain porcelain, and then colored after cooling, and put into a relatively low temperature (about 700-900) kiln for secondary sintering. This practice can ensure that the pattern and color of the glaze are colorful, but long-term exposure or use will cause the surface to wear and tear, resulting in color loss.

How porcelain is made

After mining, beneficiation, crushing, washing, stale and other processes, porcelain stone is made into a white brick-like substance near Jingdezhen, which is directly used to make porcelain tires, named Buzi, pronounced Dunzi. This material Jingdezhen Qingbai porcelain in the Song Dynasty was directly used to make porcelain, and at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, Jingdezhen potters began to add a kind of macang clay containing kaolin to the porcelain, forming a binary formula for porcelain.

At present, there is a great controversy in the academic community about whether it belongs to porcelain stone minerals or kaolin minerals. Due to historical documents, in the late Ming Dynasty and the middle of Wanli, the macang soil had been excavated and replaced with kaolin.

Therefore, it is generally believed that the composition of macang soil should be relatively close to that of kaolin. Since the asakura soil has been completely extinct, the composition of the asakura soil has become an unsolved case to this day. You just need to know that from the end of the Yuan Dynasty to the tenth year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty, the official kilns in Jingdezhen used Macang soil.

The production process of porcelain generally requires the following processes: clay refining, embryo making, glazing, kiln firing, and painting.

The refining of porcelain generally requires porcelain stone, quartz stone or mullite as raw materials, while glaze is a slurry made of feldspar, quartz, talc, aged clay and certain raw materials mixed together and ground in a certain proportion. The glaze is then applied to the surface of the embryo body, and various chemical reactions are undergoing by heating at high temperatures, and finally porcelain is formed.

Practicing mud is to use high territory, porcelain stone, which has plasticity and good viscosity of clay, to grind and wash, remove impurities and knead evenly, and slowly blend into porcelain clay for making porcelain. The clay will be used as a porcelain tire in the future.

For example, if you want a bowl, then pinch it into the shape of a bowl, shape it into the shape of a vase, and dry it to a semi-dry state after the clay embryo is made, and then put it on the embryo drawing machine to collect the embryo surface through the knife, so as to ensure that the appearance of the porcelain is smooth and clean, and finally use a carving knife of different materials to carve the required pattern on the model according to the needs.

Glazed glaze in porcelain is divided into glaze color, underglaze color and glaze color, generally underglaze color we can see in household porcelain and blue and white porcelain, in fact, a layer of pigment is applied to the porcelain tire before glazing, there is glaze protection and isolation, so that the color of the pigment can be preserved for a long time, and it will not wear and fade for a long time. But precisely because the pigment is under the glaze, the color does not look bright.

The glaze color is to first glaze the porcelain fetus, then put it into the kiln, and then color it after firing, and then put it into the low-temperature kiln after the color is finished, and sinter it again. This practice is mainly to ensure that the pattern and color of the glaze are bright, but because the pigment is on the outside of the glaze, it is easy to fade, and if it is exposed to the sun for a long time, the surface of the porcelain will be seriously worn and the color will fall off.

Glaze color, in fact, and the glaze color method is almost the same, after the last layer of pigment is painted, and then a layer of glaze is applied on the outside, so that the porcelain is not only bright and not easy to fade, which is the blue and white porcelain inside is considered to be superior.

The kiln fills the porcelain bottle into the sagger, which is actually equivalent to the oven in which we bake bread and eat, and this sagger is the container for porcelain baking, the main function is to resist high temperature, isolate the porcelain from direct contact with fire, and avoid the porcelain being polluted during the firing process, especially when the white porcelain is broken, it is extremely easy to get ash. Generally, the kiln takes one night, and the temperature is always maintained at about 1300 degrees.

Painting is to paint on the glazed surface of the porcelain that has been fired, fill the porcelain with some patterns, and then put the porcelain into the red furnace to bake at a low temperature, and the temperature is kept between 700 and 800 degrees. After the final step of painting, the entire magnet is completed.

The specific steps are as follows:

1. Knead the mud, and use the method of kneading the horn to make the mud dry and wet and uneven fully kneaded.

2. When there is air in the mud, rubbing it with chrysanthemums can squeeze the bubbles.

3. Pull the blank, throw the mud ball on the center of the turntable on the wheel, and pull out the general appearance of the body with the flexion and extension of the hand.

4. Blank, cover the blank on the bucket of the roller car, rotate the car plate, and rotate it with a knife to make the thickness of the blank body appropriate and the surface and inside smooth.

5. The billet, also known as the repair billet or rotary billet, is the key link to finally determine the shape of the utensil, and make the surface of the utensil smooth, coherent and consistent.

6. Dry the blank, and place the processed blank on the wooden frame to dry.

7, glazing, most of the ceramic products need to be glazed before entering the kiln firing, glazing process seems simple but is extremely important and difficult to master a process, to achieve the glaze layer of each part of the body is uniform, the thickness is appropriate, but also pay attention to the different fluidity of various glazes.

8. The last part is the kiln.

Porcelain is one of the traditional crafts in China, with a long history and unique craftsmanship. The following is the process of making porcelain, including raw material preparation, molding, drying, firing, decoration, glazing and other steps.

Preparation of raw materials. The raw materials of porcelain mainly include porcelain clay, quartz sand, feldspar, etc. These ingredients need to be screened, blended, and pulverized to ensure quality and purity. In the process of mixing, the texture and color of the porcelain clay need to be adjusted according to different proportions and recipes.

Molding. Molding is the first step in porcelain making, mainly by hand or by machine to make the porcelain clay into the desired shape and size. Common molding methods include hand-drawn blanks, roulette molding, mold molding, etc.

In the process of molding, it is necessary to grasp the humidity or stove, pressure and speed of the porcelain clay to ensure the quality and efficiency of molding.

Dry. Once formed, porcelain needs to be dried to remove moisture and volatile substances while enhancing its hardness and stability. The time and method of drying vary depending on the size and shape of the porcelain, and it is usually necessary to carry out the drying in an environment with the right temperature and humidity to avoid excessive drying or excessive humidity.

Fired. Firing is the core step of porcelain production, and it is also the most complex and critical link. The firing process needs to be divided into three stages: the front kiln, the middle kiln and the back kiln, and the temperature and atmosphere of each stage are different.

The temperature of the former kiln is lower, which is used to remove moisture and volatile substances from the porcelain body; The temperature of the middle kiln gradually increases, which is used to sinter the porcelain body and form porcelain; The temperature is highest in the back kiln, which is used to melt the glaze and create a shiny surface.

Ornament. The decoration of porcelain is usually divided into two ways: hand-painted and printed. Hand painting involves the use of tools such as paints and brushes to draw various patterns and words onto the surface of the porcelain.

Printing requires the use of a printing machine or printing plate, and the pre-designed patterns and text are printed on the surface of the porcelain. The content and manner of decoration can be chosen according to the purpose and style of the porcelain.

Glaze treatment. The surface of the porcelain after firing usually needs to be glazed to enhance its luster and abrasion resistance. The glaze can be transparent or tinted, depending on the color and style of the porcelain.

The glaze can be treated by spraying or dipping, and it is necessary to grasp the uniformity and thickness of the coating.

Through the above steps, a variety of exquisite porcelain can be made, such as bowls, plates, pots, bottles, etc. The production of porcelain requires patience, skill and experience, as well as constant practice and summarization in order to produce high-quality and unique pieces.

The production process of porcelain is the selection and processing of raw materials, billet making, drying, glazing, and firing.

1. Select and process raw materials.

Porcelain clay is mainly used that is different from ordinary clay. The invention of Chinese porcelain is inseparable from kaolin. Kaolin is a kind of porcelain raw material that contains a large amount of quartz and mica in addition to kaolinite, which is produced in Gaoling Village, Fuliang (now Jingdezhen City), Jiangxi.

2. Billet making. Billet making refers to the raw materials made into a variety of different shapes of billet tires according to people's various needs. Such as bowls, plates, pots, cups, bottles, jars and other blanks of various utensils.

The production of porcelain production needs of the blank tire, and there are blank drawing, blank, digging foot and other process links. Blank drawing is the process of making porcelain blanks.

3. Drying. After the blank is made, it needs to be dried to make it shaped. There are many drying methods in Hongli Town, such as natural drying method, drying method and so on.

In order to make the molded blank look good, the porcelain tire needs to be decorated. There are many decorative techniques for porcelain, such as scratching, carving, printing, ticking, appliqué, glazing, gold painting and so on.

4. Glazing. This is an important aspect of the porcelain production process. The surface of the porcelain made by glazing can be smooth and smooth, colorful and gorgeous, and it has more ornamental value.

The glazing technology in the production of porcelain in China is very exquisite. The common glazing process methods include dipping glaze method, covering coarseness, glaze blowing method, glaze pouring method, and glaze swinging method.

5. Pretending to burn. The final process of reclaiming, billet making, drying, decoration, glazing, and porcelain production is to be loaded and fired in the kiln. Controlling and controlling the heat is the key to porcelain firing.

Therefore, the firing of porcelain has high requirements for the installation and firing method of porcelain and the form of the kiln. The common loading and firing methods of porcelain production in China include backburning, stacked firing, and plain firing. The forms of furnace kilns include dragon kilns, class kilns, steamed bread kilns, egg-shaped kilns, etc.

1.Mud training: Porcelain stone is taken from the mining area, which is manually crushed with an iron hammer to an egg-sized block, and then beaten into powder with water, washed, removed impurities, and precipitated into brick-like mud.

Then mix the mud with water, remove the slag, and rub it with both hands to squeeze out the air in the mud. This porcelain stone processing method has a long history and should be synchronized with the history of porcelain making in Jingdezhen.

2.Blank drawing: Blank drawing is the first process of molding.

Jingdezhen porcelain is famous all over the world, in addition to the local "heaven-given" high-quality clay, it is basically those "ghostly" skills that turn these ordinary "things" into human "pets". First of all, we must be familiar with the shrinkage rate of the mud.

3.Blank: The shape of the impression is made by rotating the spring book according to the shape arc of the inner body of the blank, and the blank that is dried to semi-dry is covered on the mold, and the outer wall of the blank is evenly patted, and then the mold is removed.

4.Billet: Cover the blank on the barrel of the roller car, rotate the car plate, and rotate it with a knife to make the thickness of the blank body appropriate and the surface and the inside smooth, which is a process with high technical requirements.

This process is first to put the yellow mud on the so-called billet car, and then sit on the car, with special tools to make the surface of the utensils smooth, coherent and consistent, and make the mud show a white color, which is an extremely important process in ceramic molding, and finally determine the shape of the utensils.

5.Drying blanks: Place the processed blanks on a wooden frame to dry.

6.Engraving: Carving patterns on dried bodies with knives made of bamboo, bone or iron.

7.Glazing: The glazing process is a kind of ancient ceramic production technology, which is to apply glaze paste on the surface of the ceramic body in the molding posture.

There are mainly seven methods such as dipping glaze, swinging glaze, pouring glaze, brushing glaze, sprinkling glaze, wheel glaze, etc., according to the different shapes and thicknesses of the body, the corresponding glazing method is adopted. Since the Yuan Dynasty, the history of Chinese porcelain painting and decoration.

8.Kiln: First of all, the ceramic products are loaded into the sagger, the role of the box is to prevent the porcelain blank from direct contact with the kiln fire, to avoid pollution, especially for the white porcelain firing is the most beneficial.

The kiln firing time process is about one day and night, and the temperature is about 1300 degrees. First build the kiln door, light the kiln, the fuel is pine firewood, the Tsubaki technical guidance, measure the fire, grasp the kiln temperature changes, and decide the ceasefire time.

9.Painting: glaze color such as five-color, pastel, etc., is to depict patterns and fill in the color on the glaze surface of porcelain that has been fired, and then enter the red furnace to burn and bake at a low temperature of about 700-800 degrees.

Before the kiln, the bridge is painted on the green voxel, such as blue and white, glaze red, etc., which is called underglaze color, which is characterized by the color under the high temperature glaze and never fades.