How to understand modern Chinese in the broad sense and in the narrow sense What are the standards f

Modern Chinese in a broad sense refers to Mandarin + dialects of various places. Putonghua is a lingua franca with Beijing pronunciation as the standard sound, northern dialect as the basic dialect, and exemplary modern vernacular writings as the grammatical norms. The dialects of modern Chinese are currently recognized by the academic circles of modern Chinese as having seven major dialects, namely:

Northern dialects, Cantonese dialects, Hakka.

Hunan dialect, Jiangxi dialect, Wu dialect.

Min dialect. Modern Chinese in the narrow sense refers to Mandarin. Mandarin is a modern Han ethnic group.

The common language. There are three main standards for Mandarin:

1. In terms of pronunciation, Beijing voice is used as the standard tone. The specific standards mainly include the "Hanyu Pinyin Scheme" and the "Putonghua Different Reading Words Pronunciation List".

Wait. 2. In terms of vocabulary, the northern dialect is the basic dialect. The specific standards mainly include the latest edition of the "Modern Chinese Dictionary" and "Xinhua Dictionary".

3. In terms of grammar, exemplary modern vernacular writings are used as grammatical norms. There are three main points: exemplary (classic and representative), modern vernacular (not ancient vernacular and not classical Chinese written by modern people), and works (official publications).

Putonghua is based on Beijing pronunciation as the standard sound, northern dialect as the basic dialect, and exemplary modern vernacular works as the grammatical norms, and is the common language spoken in Chinese mainland, Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan, and overseas Chinese, and as the standard language of official, teaching, **, etc. Mandarin is the official language of the People's Republic of China, one of the four official languages of the Republic of Singapore, and one of the six official working languages of the United Nations.

Modern Chinese in a broad sense refers to the language used by the Han people after the Patriotic Movement organized by young students in 1919, and it includes not only modern Standard Chinese (Mandarin), but also all dialects of Chinese. Modern Chinese is not only a language but also a discipline, with broad and narrow meanings, and modern Chinese in the narrow sense only refers to the common language of the modern Han nation, modern standard Chinese Mandarin.

1. Modern Standard Chinese (Modern Chinese is divided into standard language (Mandarin) and dialects), which is a common standard common language that is widely used throughout China (mainland and Taiwan) and overseas Chinese areas. Cantonese is spoken in Hong Kong and Macao due to historical reasons. At present, it is the official language standard of China, one of the official languages in Singapore and other countries, and it is also a common spoken or written language widely used by overseas Chinese groups in Southeast Asia and other overseas communities. As one of the six official working languages of the United Nations, it has become the main reference for international people to learn Chinese.

2. Chinese dialects can also be divided into many sub-dialects, which can be subdivided into a number of small pieces and dialect points. Foreign scholars believe that people from various dialect areas cannot speak to each other, so they are very independent languages, especially the dialects in Min language. According to the characteristics of dialects, the history of the formation and development of dialects, and the results of dialect surveys, the dialects of modern Chinese can be divided.

Modern Chinese in the narrow sense refers only to the common language of the modern Han people, modern standard Chinese Mandarin. Modern Chinese in a broad sense refers to the language used by the Han people after the May Fourth Movement, which includes not only modern standard Chinese (Mandarin), but also various dialects of Chinese.

There are significant differences between modern Chinese dialects. Regarding the division of dialects, the academic community has not yet unified its views, with 7 districts and 10 districts speaking. In the 80s of the 20th century, the "Atlas of Chinese Chinese Languages" jointly compiled by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and the Australian Academy of Humanities divided Chinese dialects into 10 areas: Guanyu, Wu, Xiang, Gan, Hakka, Cantonese, Min, Jin, Hui and Pinghua.

Modern Chinese has a distinction between a broad sense and a narrow sense, and the narrow interpretation refers to Putonghua, that is, Putonghua with Beijing pronunciation as the standard sound, northern dialect as the basic dialect, and exemplary modern vernacular writings as the grammatical norms.

Modern Chinese has two meanings: broad and narrow:

In a narrow sense, it refers to Putonghua with Beijing pronunciation as the standard pronunciation, northern dialect as the basic dialect, and exemplary modern vernacular writings as the grammatical norms.

The broad sense includes Mandarin and various dialects.

Modern. There are usually two interpretations, broad and narrow, and the narrow interpretation refers to the modern Han nation.

The language used is Mandarin, which is a modern vernacular with Beijing pronunciation as the standard pronunciation, northern dialect as the basic dialect, and a model of modern vernacular.

The work is grammatically standardized Mandarin.

1. Regarding "Beijing pronunciation as the standard pronunciation", it refers to Beijing dialect.

The pronunciation system is the standard, and it is not a copy of all the pronunciations of Beijing dialect, because Mandarin is not equal to Beijing dialect. There are many local sounds in the Beijing dialect that are difficult for people from other dialect areas to accept. In addition, there is a phenomenon of different pronunciations in Beijing dialect, which also brings a lot of trouble to the promotion of Mandarin.

2. Regarding "dialects based on northern dialects", it means that the common expressions in the vast northern dialect areas shall prevail, and at the same time, the words required should be absorbed from other dialects. There are also many local dialects from all parts of the north in the northern dialect, so all northern dialect words should not be used as Mandarin words, and they should be used selectively. Some dialect words in non-northern dialect areas have special meaning and expressive power, and there are no corresponding synonyms in northern dialect.

Such words can be absorbed into the Mandarin vocabulary.

3. With regard to "exemplary modern vernacular writings as grammatical norms", this criterion includes four meanings: "exemplary" means excluding non-exemplary modern vernacular writings as grammatical norms; "Vernacular Chinese" is to exclude classical Chinese; "Modern vernacular writing" is the exclusion of early vernacular writing before May Fourth; "Writing" refers to the written form of Mandarin, which is based on the spoken language, but is not equal to the ordinary spoken language, but the language that has been processed and refined.

The narrow interpretation refers to the common language of the modern Han nationality As a language, Chinese has the characteristics common to all languages. That is, structurally speaking, it is a kind of modern Chinese national common language, which is formed on the basis of the modern Han national common language.

Modern Chinese in a broad sense includes Mandarin and all dialects of Chinese.

Modern Chinese in a broad sense refers to the language spoken by the Han Liangran people after 1919, which includes not only modern standard Chinese (Mandarin), but also all dialects of Chinese. Modern Chinese in the narrow sense only refers to the common language of the modern Han people, modern standard Chinese Mandarin.

Modern Standard Chinese is the common standard of the whole territory of China (mainland and Taiwan) and overseas Chinese areas, and Cantonese is spoken in Hong Kong and Macao due to historical reasons. As one of the six official working languages of the United Nations, it has become the main reference for international people to learn Chinese.

The Chinese dialects can be divided into many sub-dialects, which can be subdivided into a number of small pieces and dialect points. People in the dialect areas cannot speak to each other, so they are very independent languages, especially the dialects in Min language.

Dialect classification:

1. Northeast Mandarin is distributed in Heilongjiang Province, Jilin Province, most of Liaoning Jingcongxu Province, the eastern part of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and the northeast of Hebei Province. There are more than 170 city and county flags, with a population of about 100 million. The Northeast Mandarin can be divided into Jishen tablets, Hafu tablets, and black pine tablets, and each piece can be divided into several small pieces.

2. Beijing official dialect, although there is the word "Beijing" in the name, but Beijing official dialect is not Beijing dialect, more accurately said that the Beijing official dialect of Beizheng Lijing is a dialect of the Rehe region, mainly distributed in Beijing, Chengde City, Langfang City, Zhuozhou City, Hebei Province, Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Chaoyang City, Lingyuan City, Liaoning Province.

3. Jiaoliao official dialect is mainly distributed in the Jiaodong Peninsula of Shandong Province, the Liaodong Peninsula of Liaoning Province and the lower reaches of the Yalu River. In some areas, such as Heilongjiang Province, there have also been individual dialect islands of Jiaoliao official dialect. Jiaoliao official dialect is divided into Denglian film, Qingzhou film and Gaihuan film.

Among the major dialects of modern Chinese, the most different from Mandarin is ()aThe Cantonese dialect is called big.

b.Wu dialect pants.

c.Hakka dialect and respectful erection.

d.Gan dialect.

Correct Answer: a

The modern Han or filial piety phrase "in a broad sense refers to ().

a.Chinese.

b.Chinese. c.The Mandarin and dialects used by the Han people are now destroyed.

d.Mandarin.

Correct answer to the rest of the manuscript: c

The meaning is the same as above: "The common language of the modern Han nationality with Beijing pronunciation as the standard pronunciation, the northern dialect as the basic dialect, and the exemplary modern vernacular writings as the grammatical norms." ”

The characteristics are different: the pronunciation of each language has its own advantages. Mandarin Chinese is based on Beijing pronunciation, which is simple, clear and expressive.

1 The phonology is relatively simple, and the syllable structure is less formal.

2 The vowels are dominant in the syllables, there are many clear initials, there is no difference between long and short sounds, and all the finals can be extended to read Kai, which sounds crisp and loud. suitable for chanting and singing;

3.The tonal system is relatively simple, but the variations are distinct. The key values of the four tones have more treble components and less bass components, so that the voice is clear.

4.The distinctions between syllables give the speech a rhythmic feel.

5.The two-syllable vocabulary, the subtle and heavy form of the word, and the use of light and childlike words make the language expression more accurate and richer, and the expressiveness is stronger.

4.The distinctions between syllables give the speech a rhythmic feel.

5.The disyllabization of words, the distinction of light and heavy forms of words, and the use of light and childish expressions make the language expression more accurate, rich and expressive.

4.The distinctions between syllables give the speech a rhythmic feel.

5.The disyllabization of words, the distinction of light and heavy forms of words, and the use of light and childish expressions make the language expression more accurate, rich and expressive.

Putonghua (Standard Mandarin Putonghua), another name for modern Standard Chinese, is a lingua franca with Beijing pronunciation as the standard sound, northern official dialect as the basic dialect, and exemplary modern vernacular writings as the grammatical norms.

Chinese is not the same as Mandarin, and the promotion of Mandarin is not to artificially eliminate dialects, but mainly to eliminate dialect barriers, so as to facilitate social communication, and there is no contradiction with the people's use of inherited dialects.

The main ** of modern Mandarin is the Yuan Dynasty based on the Dadu (Beijing) dialect of the "Central Plains Rhyme", formerly known as the Ming and Qing Dynasty official dialect, to the Yongzheng period, the Qing Dynasty officially established Beijing dialect as the standard official dialect. Compared with the dialects of the southeast, modern Mandarin retains relatively few ancient sounds, and has disappeared from the "into".

Voice characteristics. Mandarin pronunciation is characterized by:

1. Initials have no voiced sound except for the posterior fricative, nasal, and side sounds of the tip of the tongue;

2. The finals are multi-compound vowels, and the nasal finals are divided into front and back;

3. There is no voiced opposition of initials, no rhyme, confluence of sharp groups, less tones, simple tones, and soft voices and children's rhymes.