The Qing Dynasty trained a new army in the last years, why couldn t the Qing court effectively contr

I think this issue involves four aspects: the Qing court, the local governors, the revolutionaries, and the soldiers of the New Army. But in any case, the ultimate source of the loss of control of the new army lies in the loss of the authority of the Qing court.

Some people say that the purpose of the Qing court to establish a new army is to be in line with international standards, improve combat effectiveness, and take this opportunity to strengthen the centralization of power, which is an important strategy for Cixi to carry out the new policy at the end of the Qing Dynasty, and the later regent Wang Zaifeng is just inherited. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement completely broke the structure of the relationship between ** and the locality, and the Qing court wanted to establish a new army and break the pattern of the governor entrenched in one side. <>

The new policy at the end of the Qing Dynasty was, to put it bluntly, a struggle between the local government and the locality, and the method adopted by the Qing court for this purpose was to form a new army to strengthen the mobility of the governors. However, after all, this can only cure the symptoms and not the root cause, and the new army that has been formed is still a local army in essence, not a first-class army, for two reasons: First, the new army adopts the method of organizing and training in different provinces, and the source of troops comes from the local area.

Second, in order to attract troops, a thick system was adopted. But the treasury simply has no money. In the end, it is the local government that raises its own funds.

In essence, the allegiance of the Forces nouvelles is not at all ** but a place to raise money. The method of transferring the governor can only exacerbate the contradictions between the two sides. And it was the revolutionaries who benefited from this.

In both personnel and finance, it is impossible to exercise substantial control, and the resulting failure is an inevitable result.

There is another reason for this result. That is, the composition of the personnel of the new army, on the one hand, bankrupt peasants and urban nomads. On the one hand, there are small intellectuals.

The first group of personnel themselves did not have a good impression of the rule of the Qing Dynasty, and many of them were originally members of the Hui Party, and the second group was influenced by the new ideas of the West, and the main ones who played a role were non-commissioned officers and students studying in Japan.

The whole family only knows the master who gives him benefits, and this is how the local secession warlord came.

The Eight-Nation Coalition attacked China and invaded Beijing, and the civilian masses in Beijing also helped the Eight-Nation Coalition to attack the Qing Dynasty. Because at that time, a Empress Dowager Cixi and an old woman were fooling around all day long, and the common people had long wanted to cut her with a thousand knives. It can be seen that Cixi has reached the bottom of her sin.

In the last years of the Qing Dynasty, the original old army was becoming more and more corrupt, the personnel system was backward, and there was no longer much combat effectiveness.

The new army has combat effectiveness, but the new army mainly relies on imports for the equipment it needs, and the countries that can produce the new type of equipment at that time are mainly a few imperialist countries, and China is an agricultural society at that time and has no production capacity. The new army also needs to conduct long-term training and give its soldiers generous salaries, which makes the construction and maintenance costs of the new army extremely high. Therefore, the Beiyang New Army organized at the end of the Qing Dynasty had only a few divisions, but it was able to dominate the entire north.

The new-style army is not only the most advanced, but also more powerfully organized, the soldiers are brave in battle, and the combat effectiveness is much stronger than that of the traditional old army.

The Qing Dynasty was unable to effectively control the new army it trained. This is indeed a very sad thing for the late Qing Dynasty. In fact, even Qing ** himself is aware of this problem:

If you don't reform and wait for death, reform is looking for death. Returning to the question of the new army, why did the Qing court not have control over the new army it trained?

First, the new army is different from the old army such as the Eight Banners Green Battalion. The new army is trained exactly according to the model of the Western powers. Therefore, the officers of the Forces nouvelles need to be Westernized and have a high level of cultural knowledge to be competent.

Such people have often gone to study in Western Europe, the United States, or Japan, and have already been educated by Western national trends and influenced by revolutionary parties, and some have even joined revolutionary parties. This part of the people and the decadent and declining Qing ** are bound to be detached from morality, and there are even more people who are determined to overthrow the Qing **.

In fact, the Qing court did not give up control of the new army. For example, the most famous Six Towns of Beiyang under Yuan Shikai, the first town was mainly served by the children of the Eight Banners. But the decaying and declining Eight Banners were completely unable to meet the requirements of the new army.

The new army, which was controlled by the Qing court by means such as the Eight Banners, was often the worst in combat effectiveness. The same is true of the new army trained by the local governors. In order to control the new army, some governors did not even issue bullets to the new army.

As an army, there are no bullets, which is simply ridiculous.

Second, the Qing ** was ruled by the Manchu Eight Banners. There are two classes of social people, and there are strict hierarchies. With the decline of the Qing Dynasty, the number of Eight Banners, which was already very small, and the emergence of outstanding talents became more and more rare.

Therefore, the children of the Eight Banners, who were absolutely trusted by the Qing **, were not qualified for the new army. However, the talented children of the Han nationality were not trusted by the Qing court, and they were also wary of using them. Centrifugal the Forces nouvelles even more.

Third, the Qing court lost control of the army, not only from the beginning of the new army, but also from the time of the extermination of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Zeng Guofan's Hunan army, Zuo Zongtang's Chu army, Li Hongzhang's Huai army and other armies were almost privatized and warlordized. Cixi relied on superb political and balancing measures, as well as the authority of **** to control various warlords.

However, after the death of the Empress Dowager Cixi, the Manchu Qing Dynasty became more and more declining and decaying, and there was simply not enough means and ability to control the various warlords, and naturally it was even more unable to control the new army. Thus the Forces nouvelles became the birthplace of the revolution. The victory of the Xinhai Revolution pushed the decaying and declining Qing Dynasty and completely ended the rule of the feudal dynasty in China.

At the beginning of the formation and training of the New Army at the end of the Qing Dynasty, it was emphasized that "all drill regulations should be handled in accordance with the Western Law" and "all marching equipment" should be "purchased and prepared in accordance with the Western Law." In the course of its training, the new army was taught by either the Germans or the Japanese, and if they did not imitate Germany, they would imitate the Japanese. Judging from the internal customers and methods of editing, they are all trying to be fully Westernized.

The Qing Dynasty once distributed books such as "Western Law Class" and "Introduction to the German Army Drill Code" to all battalions, and stipulated that the contents of the books on the art of war, weapons, surveying and mapping, and mathematics were all within the scope of compulsory learning, and "instructed the battalion officers to recite and study in a timely manner, and gradually understand the service period"; And the map of the world, the map of eastern Asia, the whole map of coastal ports, etc., are also "purchased and printed in one piece, and read from time to time", "referring to the brave Ding thought that he was proficient in the doorway".