What is the fundamental divergence between materialism and metaphysics?

Modern metaphysical materialism enriches and develops materialism on the basis of summarizing the achievements of natural science. However, it reduces matter to atoms in the sense of natural science, and believes that atoms are the origin of the world, and the properties of atoms are the properties of matter, so they have limitations such as mechanical, metaphysical, and idealistic in the view of history.

The common denominator with ancient naïve materialism, dialectical materialism and historical materialism is that they all adhere to the materialist direction, believing that matter determines consciousness, and consciousness is the reaction of matter, and the three have an inseparable historical connection.

Modern metaphysical materialism is also called mechanical materialism.

The main points of this philosophical thought are:

First, it acknowledges that the original nature of the world is material. However, he believed that this kind of matter was atoms, and equated the motion of matter with the motion of atoms, and therefore had a mechanical nature.

Second, it believes that matter determines consciousness, but denies that consciousness has a reaction to matter, and believes that consciousness is a derivative of matter.

Third, it is precisely because of the second viewpoint that it is difficult to explain the role of human consciousness in the development of social development in the field of human historical development, so it has fallen into idealism, which is a kind of incomplete materialism.

Metaphysical materialism in modern times, i.e., mechanical materialism. First of all, the basic characteristics of metaphysical materialism are that it acknowledges the materiality of the world, but interprets the world from an isolated, static, and one-sided point of view, and does not see the universal connection and change and development between things and phenomena in the world, or only recognizes the mechanical connection and mechanical movement, and thus exhibits mechanical and metaphysical characteristics.

Second, the second limitation of metaphysical materialism is mechanism. This state of affairs is reflected in philosophy, where the dominant metaphysical way of thinking of this period, that is, the way of thinking that observes and interprets the world from isolated, static and mechanical point of view, creates the inevitable limitations of modern metaphysical materialism.

The fundamental disagreement and focus of the struggle between materialist dialectics and metaphysics lies in whether or not to recognize contradictions, and whether to recognize contradictions as the driving force and source of the development of things. As for the reason, it is through a comparative analysis of the two philosophical views.

1. Materialist dialectics looks at the world from the point of view of universal connection, while metaphysics looks at the world from an isolated point of view.

2. Materialist dialectics looks at the world from the point of view of development and change, while metaphysics looks at the world from a static and unchanging point of view.

3. Materialist dialectics believes that contradictions are universal, and contradictions are the driving force and source of the development of things; Metaphysics, on the other hand, denies the contradictions that exist within things, and attributes the cause of changes in things to the impetus of external forces.

Origin of materialist dialectics

Hegel pointed out that the process of world history is governed by the principle of "opposite, repetition and transcendence" of the mind of "positive, negative and combined", which is dialectic. Feuerbach put forward the worldview of "material is real", which is materialism.

Marx combined the theories of Hegel and Feuerbach to create the "materialist dialectics". Materialist dialectics is a theory in philosophy about the most general laws of nature, society, and thinking.

Contradiction is the driving force behind the development of things. Materialist dialectics is an advanced form of the development of dialectical thought. An important part of Marxist philosophy.

the view that the material world is a unified whole of universal connections and constant movement and change; The dialectical law is the law of the material world's own motion; Subjective dialectics or dialectical thinking is the reflection of objective dialectics in the human mind.

Materialist dialectics states:

1. The objectivity of the connection: the connection is inherent in the thing itself, not transferred by the subjective will of man, and can neither be created nor destroyed.

2. The universality of connection: connection includes horizontal connection with surrounding things, as well as vertical connection with historical future. All things, phenomena and processes, as well as their internal elements, parts and links, do not exist in isolation, but they interact, influence and restrict each other.

But on the other hand, there is relative independence of things, that is, everything exists relatively independently from other things. The universal connection of things and the relative independent existence of things are mutually premised.

3. Diversity of connections: Generally speaking, connections can be divided into internal and external connections, essential and non-essential connections, necessary connections and accidental connections, primary and secondary connections, direct connections and indirect connections, and so on.

Materialist dialecticsThe fundamental difference between metaphysics and metaphysics lies in whether or not to recognize contradictions, and whether to admit contradictions as the source and driving force of the development of things.

Materialist dialectics holds that contradictions are universal, and contradictions are the driving force for the development of things; Metaphysics, on the other hand, denies the existence of internal contradictions in things, and attributes the cause of changes in things to the impetus of external forces. Whether or not to admit contradiction as the driving force for the development of things is the fundamental difference between materialist dialectics and metaphysics.

Difference Between Dialectics and Metaphysics:The opposition between a connected view and an isolated view.

The opposition between the view of development and change and the view of immutability.

The opposition between a comprehensive view and a one-sided view.

The focus of the opposition between the two is whether or not to admit internal contradictions as the fundamental driving force for the development of things.

Summary. Metaphysics refers to the way of thinking that is opposed to dialectics, observing the world from an isolated, static, and one-sided point of view, which sees things as isolated, absolutely static, and unchanging, does not see the interconnection of things, forgets its generation, annihilation, and movement, and reduces change to the mere movement of position and the simple increase or decrease of quantity, as the result of external forces.

The old materialism is the opposite of the "new materialism." It refers to materialism before Marxist philosophy. It includes both ancient naïve materialism, metaphysical materialism, mechanical materialism, and so on.

In general, it mainly refers to the metaphysical materialism and mechanical materialism of Britain and France in the 16th and 18th centuries and the materialism of Feuerbach in Germany in the 19th century.

So the difference between old materialism and metaphysics is that one is ontology and the other is epistemology.

Please help explain the difference between old materialism and metaphysics.

Metaphysics refers to the way of thinking that is opposed to dialectics, observing the world from an isolated, static, and one-sided point of view, which sees things as isolated, absolutely static, and unchanging, does not see the interconnection of things, forgets its generation, annihilation, and movement, and reduces change to the mere movement of position and the simple increase or decrease of quantity, as the result of external forces. The old materialism is the opposite of the "new materialism." It refers to materialism before Marxist philosophy.

It includes both ancient naïve materialism, metaphysical materialism, mechanical materialism, and so on. In general, it mainly refers to the metaphysical materialism and mechanical materialism of Britain and France in the 16th and 18th centuries and the materialism of Feuerbach in Germany in the 19th century. So the difference between old materialism and metaphysics is that one is ontology and the other is epistemology.

I hope the above can be helpful to you, if it is helpful, please give a thumbs up<><

Have a great day

Materialist dialectics is different from dialectical materialism. There is no fundamental disagreement between dialectical materialism and metaphysics.

Materialist dialectics mainly includes the laws and states of connection, development and contradiction and its world view.

Metaphysics, on the other hand, is mainly isolated, static, and one-sided with regard to the worldview.

The fundamental difference between the two is whether or not to admit the contradiction is to deny that the contradiction is the source and driving force for the existence and development of things.

Answer]: a, b, c

This question tests the understanding and grasp of the limitations of modern metaphysical materialism. Metaphysical materialism has three major defects: mechanistic, that is, the material world is explained from the point of view of mechanical mechanics; metaphysics, i.e., not understanding dialectics; Incompleteness, i.e., failure to adhere to materialism in the view of history.

Analyze the four options given in the question according to these three limitations. Item A is about the opposition between dialectics and metaphysics, and since metaphysical materialism does not understand dialectics, this item reflects the difference between dialectical materialism and metaphysical materialism; Item B is the dialectical problem on the relationship between matter and consciousness, and metaphysical materialism, because it does not understand dialectics, denies that consciousness has agency, which also reflects the opposition between dialectical materialism and metaphysical materialism; Item C is the viewpoint of the materialist view of history, and since the metaphysical materialist view of history is idealistic, it must deny the objective regularity of social development; The content of item D is a philosophical epistemological criterion for dividing agnosticism and agnosticism, so it is irrelevant to the stem requirement. Analyzing ABC in this way is the correct answer.

This question has a certain depth and difficulty, and it needs to be comprehensively analyzed to make the right choice.