How to make silage, how to make silage

Silage production methods and technical points:

1.Select the raw materials

Choose aquatic plants, alfalfa grass, rye grass, corn, sweet potato vine, pumpkin vine, clover and other raw materials to make silage, harvest raw materials to obtain nutrients as much as possible for the purpose, if harvested too late, the raw material cellulose content is too much; If you harvest too early, the raw material will have too much moisture.

2.Chop the ingredients

1) The grass is long and not suitable for fermentation, so it should be cut short and reach 2-3 cm after cutting, so that it can be pressed and compacted when loading the cellar.

2) The shortened raw materials will not lose nutrients excessively during fermentation, can settle evenly, and are beneficial to the growth of lactic acid bacteria, and can also exude juice.

3.Stir in additives

1) Mix fermentation additives, as well as wheat bran, rice bran, corn flour and other substances into the shortened raw materials, and then add water to make the water content reach 60-70%.

2) Mix the ingredients well with a wooden stick to speed up the fermentation of the silage. Envy Kuanzai.

4.Cellar fermentation.

1) Spread a layer of straw with a thickness of about 10-15 cm (to absorb the juice) into the cellar, and then in order to prevent water leakage and ventilation, you can use plastic film to cover the surrounding area tightly.

2) In order to shorten its fermentation time, the raw materials can be filled into the cellar until the raw materials are about 60 cm above the cellar edge, and then the bottom can be sealed.

The straw is crushed with a grinder and stacked in a fermentation tank and fully compacted. Sprinkle sealing: Sprinkle water on the surface, keep the humidity at 70%, and then cover it with plastic film to seal.

The process of making silage: harvesting, chopping, adding additives, bagging and storage.

Harvesting] Raw materials should be harvested at the right time, and the purpose of feed production is to obtain the most nutrients. Harvested too early, the raw material contains more water and digests nutrients.

Few; Harvesting too late increases the cellulose content, poor palatability, and reduced digestibility.

Corn stover harvesting: Whole corn stover silage, generally harvested at the maturity stage of corn seed milk. After harvesting the ears of corn stalks, generally when the corn cob wax is ripe to 70% complete, the leaves have not yet withered yellow or the base of the corn stem 1-2 leaves begin to wither and yellow immediately pick the corn cob, and the corn cob will be harvested to make silage on the day of picking the corn cob.

Harvesting of forage grasses: Leguminous forages are generally mowed and silage from budding to the beginning of flowering; Poaceous forages are generally mowed with silage from booting to heading; Sweet potato vines and potato stems and leaves are generally harvested 1-2 days before harvesting or before frost. After harvesting, young pasture grass or weeds can be cooled for 3-4 hours (south) or 1-2 hours (north) after silage, or mixed with corn stalks.

Chopping] In order to facilitate bagging and storage, the raw materials must be shredded before the straw silage of corn stalks, string leaf pine grass straw or chicory must be chopped to about 1-2 long, and the silage can be compacted. Grasses and vines are soft, easy to compact, cut short to about 3-5 silage, the effect is better.

Add additives] Additives are added immediately after the raw materials are chopped, and the purpose is to allow the raw materials to ferment quickly. 2-3% sugar, formic acid (3-4 formic acid with 85% content per ton of silage raw material), amylase and cellulase, urea, ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride and other ammonium compounds can be added.

Filling and storage] can usually be done in plastic bags and cellars. Before cellaring, lay 10-15 cm thick straw on the bottom in order to absorb the sap. The four walls of the cellar are covered with plastic film to prevent water leakage and breathability, and the installation should be steady, which can be rolled by a bulldozer, and tamped by manpower, until it is about 60 cm above the edge of the cellar, and it can be capped.

When capping, a layer of cut straw is first laid, and then a layer of plastic film is added, and then covered with soil and compacted. Dig a drainage ditch 1 meter away from the cellar around the perimeter to prevent rainwater from flowing in. When there are cracks in the roof of the cellar, cover the soil in time to prevent air and water leakage.

The bag mouth must be opened, and each bag of silage raw materials is packed into a special plastic bag, pressed by hand and pressed tightly with feet, until it is filled to about 30 from the bag mouth, and then pumping, sealing, and tightening the bag mouth.

Silage is so popular that it is stored for green fodder and fed when there is no green fodder.

Its production principle is to use lactic acid bacteria fermentation to produce a large amount of lactic acid, reduce the pH value, make the feed acidic, thereby inhibiting the growth of harmful bacteria, and protecting the nutritional value of green fodder.

The method is to chop the raw materials that need silage, such as whole corn, straw, alfalfa or other pasture, and then put it in a container (cement pool, etc.), compact, and seal tightly.

The key operations in making silage are chopping, compacting, and sealing, and the tighter the seal, the better the quality of the silage. Make silage quickly, otherwise the feed will start to rot before you can seal it.

Is it a whole corn plant or a straw? Pay attention to semi-drying, cutting, compaction, and airtightness to succeed.

(1) Build a cellar: choose a place with high terrain, firm soil, close to the pig farm, and far away from the manure pit to build a silage cellar. Brick, stone, cement masonry or plastic film are used to line the cellar.

The width of the cellar does not exceed the depth of the cellar, the four sides are circular, the upper and lower walls are vertical, to avoid surface water seeping into the cellar, and drainage ditches should be set around it. The size of the cellar depends on the size of the herd and the amount of green fodder.

2) Timely harvesting and cutting of raw materials: the raw materials used for silage should be harvested in a timely manner, harvesting too early, with more moisture content, and not easy to silage; Harvested too late, high crude fiber content, poor quality. Pomineous forage grasses should be harvested from booting to heading stage, leguminous forage grasses should be harvested from the first flowering to full flowering stage, green corn should be harvested at the milk maturity stage, and yam vines should be harvested at the early frost stage.

After harvesting, it is dried for 1 2 days, and the moisture is reduced to 60% and 70% is cut short, generally cut into 3 5 cm long, but the coarse hard material should be cut shorter to facilitate filling, tamping and feeding.

When filling, step on it while loading, spread it layer by layer, step tightly, especially on the edge of the solid cellar, and remove the air in the feed as much as possible to create a good anaerobic environment. It can also be mixed with rice bran, wheat bran, and salt for silage.

4) Cellar sealing: When the raw materials are filled and fully compressed, cover with a layer of straw, then spread a layer of plastic film, and then cover with 5 30 cm thick wet clay and step on it. After sealing the cellar for 3 5 days, the raw materials sink, and they should be filled with soil in time, and finally the covered soil should be higher than the ground to avoid rainwater seeping in.

5) Cellar opening: Feed silage can be opened for use in about 1 month. When using, it is necessary to pay attention to the use of sections and layers, and cannot dig holes or use the whole irregular.

After each use, the cellar mouth needs to be sealed tightly with plastic film to prevent air from entering. The amount taken out each time should be used up on the same day. Feed pigs at a small start and gradually increase later.

In general, each pig can be fed 2 5 kg per day. Whatever is spoiled is not to be fed to pigs.

Answer: Harvest at the right time. The storage of corn stalks depends on the maturity of the seeds, the proportion of green and yellow leaves, and the number of days of corn growth.

The silage of sweet potato seedlings should be cut before frost and potatoes should be produced after frost. Dry properly. If the moisture content of the silage material after harvest is high, it can be properly spread in the field for 2 6 hours to reduce the moisture content to 65% to 70%.

Transport. After harvesting, the silage raw materials should be transported to the straw site in time, if the interval is too long, it is easy to lose more nutrients. Cut short.

After the raw materials are transported, they should be cut short with a straw machine in time, 1 2 cm of green corn stalks, 2 4 cm of fresh sweet potato seedlings and alfalfa grass. Cellaring. The shortened silage raw materials should be loaded into the silage cellar in time, and the method of compacting while cutting short and loading the cellar can be adopted.

When loading the cellar, every 20 40 cm should be stepped on, especially pay attention to the surrounding and corners of the silage cellar. If there are more than 2 kinds of raw materials mixed with silage, the shortened raw materials should be mixed evenly and packed into the cellar. At the same time, check whether the moisture content of the raw materials is appropriate.

Cap. After the silage is filled, it is necessary to continue to fill the raw material until the raw material is 40 to 60 cm above the edge of the cellar, then cover it with a whole piece of plastic film, and then cover it with a layer of wet wheat straw or straw 5 10 cm thick, and finally compact it with soil, the thickness of the soil is 30 40 cm, and the surface is smoothed, and the top of the cellar is raised into the shape of a steamed bun.

Silage is a kind of microbial fermentation method that mainly uses the growth and reproduction of microorganisms such as lactic acid bacteria in nature, and produces lactic acid through closed anoxic fermentation of green fodder, thereby inhibiting the activity of molds and enabling green fodder to be preserved for a long time. Silage can effectively preserve nutrients such as vitamins and proteins in straw green feed, and also increase a certain amount of lactic acid and bacterial protein that can be used by livestock and poultry, as well as a certain aromatic taste, which increases the palatability and nutrition of straw feed.

Principle of fermentation: the green straw with a moisture content of 55 65 is kneaded into a filament, and the baler is used to bale the film under closed and anoxic conditions, through the synergistic fermentation of anaerobic lactic acid bacteria, aerobic feeding bacteria and beneficial fungi, the carbon dioxide produced creates an anaerobic environment, and the lactic acid secreted makes the feed weakly acidic (pH value, which can effectively inhibit the growth of other microorganisms and inhibit the reproduction of various miscellaneous bacteria, and finally, the beneficial bacteria such as lactic acid bacteria are inhibited by their own metabolites, and the fermentation process is gradually stopped, The feed enters a stable storage period. There is almost no loss of nutrients throughout the fermentation process.

Silage is sour and fragrant, soft and juicy, palatable, nutritious, and conducive to long-term preservation, and is an excellent feed for livestock.

The silage method is to use the lactic acid bacteria existing in the green feed to ferment the feed under anaerobic conditions, so that part of the sugar source in the feed is converted into lactic acid, so that the pH value of the silage is reduced to the following, so as to inhibit the reproduction and growth of other aerobic microorganisms such as molds and spoilage bacteria, so as to achieve the purpose of long-term storage of green feed.

The key to the success or failure of silage is whether it can meet the four conditions for the growth and reproduction of lactic acid bacteria: anaerobic environment (oxygen oxidizes the feed, aerobic microorganisms such as molds, spoilage bacteria, etc. multiply and spoilage), sufficient sugar in the raw materials, and appropriate water content, all three are indispensable. Also, pay attention to the temperature.

The ways to make silage include silage towers, kilns, trenches, piles, bags, etc., which can be selected according to your actual situation.

(1) Appropriate sugar content: The sugar content of silage raw materials can only achieve a good silage effect when the sugar content in dry matter should not be less than 10% 15% in the silage of the fresh weight of silage raw materials.

Corn stalks, sorghum stalks, grasses, sweet potato vines, sugar beets, cabbage, etc., are excellent silage raw materials. Leguminous forage crops, such as alfalfa, vetch, clover, rhinoceros, broad beans and green cut soybeans, etc., contain less sugar or soluble carbohydrates, and the content of crude protein is more, it is not easy to silage raw materials, it is best to mix silage with grasses (1 is appropriate), or after harvesting, dry to 45% 55% moisture content, into semi-dry grass and then silage, the effect is better, and the nutrition is more comprehensive.

2) Suitable water content lactic acid bacteria reproduction activities, requiring the most suitable water content of 65% 75%. However, the suitable moisture content of silage raw materials varies according to different textures. The raw materials with coarse and hard texture should reach 78% to 82%, and the water content of the tender, juicy and soft raw materials should be lower, and 60% is appropriate (Table 6-2 and Table 6-3).

The scope of application of the method is judged by the standard twisting and twisting method, the whole raw material stalk is twisted and bent without breaking, the water is suitable for sap dripping, the water droplets flow out from the fingers when you hold it, the moisture content must be greater than 75% The grass has begun to break, the moisture content is less than 55% The hand holding method chops the raw materials and holds the raw materials tightly for 1 minute, and then slowly loosens, if the grass ball is slow, it can maintain its shape without juice, and the palm of the hand is also moist and sees water without dripping, indicating that the moisture is suitable, and the moisture content is 70% 75% The grass ball is elastic and slowly spreads, the moisture content is 55% If 65% of the grass balls are scattered immediately, the moisture content is about 55%.

role="Table 6-2 Methods for judging the moisture content of silage raw materials: types of silage raw materials, suitable harvesting period, water content (%), whole plant corn (with ears), milk maturity period 65, straw and fruit ripening period after corn harvesting, harvest 50 60, leguminous forage grass and wild grass, bud stage to early flowering, 70 80, gramineous forage grass, booting stage to heading stage, 70 80, sweet potato vine before frost or potato harvest period 1 2 days, 86 potato stems and leaves, 1 2 days, 80 before trihydrate feed frost

role="Table 6-3 Commonly used silage raw materials are suitable for harvesting.

Silage is to make fresh green and juicy feed, such as corn stalks, long cane tails, sweet potato vines, peanut vines, elephant grass, potatoes, etc., directly or after proper air drying and chopping after harvesting, sealed and stored in silage cellars, trenches or towers, and made by lactic acid fermentation in a gas-phobic environment. It can not only maintain the nutritional value of green fodder, improve the palatability of raw materials, but also adjust the balance of green fodder**, which is a good feed for cattle

1) The principle of blind storage Silage is to chop fresh green and juicy feed into silage cellars, silage towers or silage trenches, compact and seal, and make delicious feed with sour taste and flavor through microbial fermentation. This feed can be stored for months or even years. Therefore, silage is a good way to store green fodder for a long time.

The key to the quality of silage is to create certain conditions to ensure the growth and reproduction of beneficial bacteria in the air and attached to the feed, such as lactic acid bacteria and yeasts, so that the feed trees can ferment, produce an appropriate amount of lactic acid, and inhibit the growth of other harmful bacteria such as mold, spoilage, and acid bacteria. Lactic acid bacteria are anaerobic and require a certain amount of sugar and water during growth and reproduction. Therefore, the raw material of silage should contain a certain amount of sugar and a moderate amount of water.

If the sugar is less, the lactic acid bacteria will proliferate the steamed bread, and the lactic acid produced is very small, which is difficult to inhibit the growth of other miscellaneous bacteria, which is not conducive to silage. Too much or too little moisture is also not good for silage. Excessive water and thinning of the concentration of enamel and extravasation of juice cause the loss of joe points, which is easy to multiply butyric acid bacteria and make the silage quality poor; If the water is too small, the raw materials are not easy to compress, which is easy to cause the reproduction of aerobic spoilage bacteria and cause mold and corruption.

The raw material used as silage requires a moisture content of 65 to 70. If the raw material is tender, the moisture content can be less than 60; The raw materials are coarse, then the water content can be higher than 70, if the low moisture silage should be 40 to 60 o at the same time, because the lactic acid is anaerobic bacteria, the silage raw materials must be cut short and pressed tightly during storage, so as to promote the rapid growth and reproduction of lactation bacteria, produce a large amount of lactic acid, and inhibit the growth of other microorganisms. When the lactic acid produced reaches a certain amount, the lactic acid is also inhibited, thus stopping the growth, so that a sterile and oxygen-free environment is formed in the silage capacity, so that the feed can be stored for a long time.

There are many kinds of raw materials that can be used as silage, such as corn stover (preferably with ears), sugarcane tail, elephant grass, moss vine, peanut vine, sweet potato, etc.