How is the extranuclear electron configuration known

The motion of electrons outside the nucleus can never be calculated using Newton's laws, and Einstein has shown that Newtonian mechanics does not apply to objects with speeds close to the speed of light.

In Newtonian mechanics, the motion of a macroscopic object is determined at the same time, so the motion orbit (or trajectory) of the particle in classical mechanics refers to the orbit with a certain velocity, a certain certainty, and the position of the moving object at any time, such as the orbit of cannonballs, bullets and planets. So does the movement of electrons outside the nucleus have the same meaning? The answer is clearly no.

Although electrons move around the nucleus, their pathways in a particular energy level cannot be accurately determined.

The more accurately we measure the momentum of a moving electron, the more inaccurate we can measure its position; Vice versa. It is impossible to accurately determine the momentum and position of microscopic particles at the same time.

Explanation: There must be tools to measure distances. If you carefully observe the orbit of an electron with light (photons) and point out the position of the electron, the photon must collide with the electron to know the exact position of the electron.

Since photons have a lot of energy, when a photon collides with an electron, a part of the momentum is given to the electron, so when measuring the position of the electron, the momentum of the electron is inevitably changed, so it is impossible to accurately measure the position and momentum of the electron outside the nucleus at the same time.

Therefore, the electron configuration outside the nucleus is not known experimentally, but by quantum mechanical calculations. How to solve it is a complex mathematical problem, which is not required by inorganic chemistry, please do not need to delve into it, which requires advanced knowledge of mathematical equations.

Atomic collision! Smash atoms with high-velocity particles!

In fact, as long as Newton's laws of mechanics and Coulomb's laws can be calculated!

As for many years ago, it was assumed, not experimental!

Thomson is hypothetical! Know about the invention of the microscope later!

<> For the extranuclear electron configuration of an element atom, first determine the number of electrons (i.e., atomic number, proton number, and nuclear charge number) of the atom.

For example, the No. 24 element chromium, there are a total of 24 electrons outside the nucleus next to its atoms, and then the 24 electrons are arranged from the lowest energy 1s sublayer to the higher energy sublayer, only after the front sublayer is filled, the back sublayer is filled, and the maximum number of electrons that can be arranged on each sublayer is: 2 S sublayers, 6 P sublayers, 10 D sublayers, and 14 F sublayers.

Extranuclear electron configurationformula means to be in a steady state (Ground stateatoms.

The extra-nuclear electrons will be arranged according to the lowest energy principle as much as possible, and since it is impossible for the electrons to be crowded together, they will also have to obey the principle of lowest energy, Pauli's principle of incompatibility.

and Hunt's rule, in general, under the guidance of these three rules, it is possible to deduce the extranuclear electron configuration of the element atom, the first 36 elements required at the secondary school level.

, there are no exceptions.

Electrons are in the nucleus.

When arranging the electrons, the energy of the electrons should be as low as possible. How can we minimize the energy of electrons, for example, when we stand on the ground, we don't feel any danger; If we stand on the top of a 20-story building, we are mentally scared when we look down.

This is because the higher the object is, the higher the potential energy, and the object always has a tendency to go from high to low, like a free fall.

In the same way, we have never seen an object automatically rise from the ground to the air, and for an object to go from the ground to the air, there must be an applied force.

The electron is a substance with the same property, i.e., it always wants to be in a relatively safe (or stable) state (ground state) under normal circumstances, and it is also the state when the energy is at its lowest.

When there is an external effect, the electron can also absorb energy to a higher energy state (excited state, but it always has a tendency to return to the ground state. In general, electrons that are closer to the nucleus have lower energy, and as the number of electron layers increases, the energy of the electrons increases; In the same layer, the energy of each sublayer increases in the order of s, p, d, and f.

Schematic: <>

For the extranuclear electron configuration of an element atom, first determine the number of extranuclear electrical friends of the atom (i.e., atomic number, proton number, nuclear charge number), such as No. 26 element iron, there are a total of 26 electrons outside the nucleus, and then these 26 electrons are arranged from the lowest energy 1s sublayer to the higher energy sublayer in turn, only the front sublayer is filled.

Layout principle. so that the energy of the electrons is minimized, for example, if we stand on the ground, we will not feel any danger; If we stand on the top of a 20-story building, we are mentally scared when we look down. This is because the higher the potential energy of the object, the higher the object, the object always has a tendency from high to low, just like the free fall of the good Zheng Nao, I have never seen the object automatically rise from the ground to the air, the object to go from the ground to the air, there must be an external force.

The above content reference: Encyclopedia - Extranuclear Electron Configuration.