What are the four elements of China s gardens in the Sui and Tang dynasties?

Ascension: 1) Taken from nature, higher than nature. The garden is based on the natural mountains, waters, and landforms, but it is not simply used, but consciously and purposefully transformed and processed, and reproduces a highly generalized, refined, and typical nature.

2) Pursue the perfect combination with nature, and strive to achieve a high degree of harmony between man and nature, that is, the ideal state of "harmony between man and nature".

3) Elegant cultural conception. In addition to conveying the message of artistic conception by virtue of the scenery composed of landscapes, flowers and plants, and buildings, the Chinese garden also integrates the unique Chinese calligraphy art forms, such as plaques, couplets, and inscription art, into the garden, deepening the artistic conception of the garden. This is unique to Chinese gardens and is incomparable to other garden systems.

The four elements of the garden are: landscape, topography, plants, and architecture;

First of all, the landscape and mountain can be used as the main scene, foreground, obstructive scene, and other scenery in garden planning. The water body can make the garden produce a lot of lively landscapes, forming a cheerful and bright space and perspective line, which is one of the important factors of garden planning and landscaping;

Secondly, topography - terrain is the base and skeleton of the garden, and the foundation of the garden must be established before it can be feasible, which is the carrier and foundation of garden planning;

Thirdly, plants include forests, grasslands, and flowers, which are the elements of green life in the garden, and are closely related to garden planning.

Finally, architecture - in garden planning, garden architecture can not only be used, but also can form a landscape with the surrounding environment for people to visit and rest, which is an indispensable part of garden planning.

Sui and Tang dynastiesThe representative of the literati garden is the Rim River Beiye,LushanCottage.

Gongchuan Beiye was a Tang Dynasty sock poet and painter Wang Wei.

In the Rim River Valley in the Song Zhi asked.

The garden built on the basis of the Rim River Villa is a forest spring.

Victory, a natural garden built according to the place. Rimchuan Beiye is built in the natural valley area with the victory of mountains, forests and lakes, and the scenery of Kaisheng is named because of the plants and mountains and rivers and spring stones.

Lushan thatched cottage is hidden in the Lushan environment, and Bai Juyi.

When building a garden, we never give up any opportunity, and use the technique of "stacking stones" to lead the cliff on the north side of the cottage into the cottage, which is regarded as the inherent scenery of the garden and forms a natural barrier of the cottage. The front of the thatched cottage faces the incense burner peak, the south is bordered by the stone stream, and the surrounding natural scenery is borrowed into the thatched cottage, such a mountain and stone scenery is incomparable to the urban garden.

Background of the literati gardens of the Sui and Tang dynasties:

1. Social stability and economic development.

The Sui Dynasty unified the whole country and built the Grand Canal.

Connecting the economy of the North and the South. The era of the prosperous Tang Dynasty, with political stability, economic and cultural prosperity, presented an unprecedented era of peace and prosperity in history. People generally pursue garden enjoyment.

2. The rise of the imperial examination system.

The vast number of Shu landlords and intellectuals had the opportunity to be promoted, and once they obtained the status of bureaucrats, they had a good fortune and a high social status, but there was no hereditary guarantee. The ups and downs of the sea are up-and-down, the promotion and depreciation are impermanent, and the common experience has formed a common philosophy of life. worked hard to make a career as an official in the court, and at the same time reserved the road after the resignation of Zhishi.

Managing a garden is to retire to the forest in the future.

3. Imperial examinations.

There were many literati who were officials, and gardens became their social interactions.

The influence of the literati's interests and hobbies on the Sun School is also more extensive and profound than that of the previous generation. After the Tang Dynasty, literati directly participated in the planning of gardens, relying on their deep understanding of natural scenery and their high appreciation of natural beauty to carry out garden planning.

At the same time, they also put their experience of life philosophy and the ups and downs of the sea into the art of gardening. As a result, the fresh and elegant style of the scholarly and bureaucratic scholarly gardens was further improved and sublimated, adding a layer of cultural color, and the "literati garden" appeared.

The Sui and Tang dynasties were a period of prosperity and development of China's feudal social economy, and it was also a period when the types and styles of classical Chinese garden art were basically stereotyped and matured. Although the Sui Dynasty was short-lived, it vigorously built palaces and gardens in Luoyang. The West Garden built by Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty is the most luxurious and magnificent royal garden after the Shanglin Garden of the Western Han Dynasty.

Xiyuan generally follows the Han Dynasty"One pond and three mountains" palace model, the palace architecture is integrated into the landscape.

The Tang Dynasty was strong, and the royal gardening activities were frequent. The imperial gardens of the Tang Dynasty were numerous and large-scale, and could be divided into three categories: Ouchi Imperial Garden, Xinggong Imperial Garden and Imperial Palace Imperial Garden due to different functions.

There are Daming Palace, Luoyang Palace, etc., the Imperial Garden of the Imperial Palace has the West Garden, Shangyang Palace, etc., and the Imperial Garden of the Imperial Palace has the famous Huaqing Palace, Jiucheng Palace, etc.

The literati of the Tang Dynasty liked to be elegant and noble, and the gardens they built integrated poetry and painting into the natural landscapes, emphasizing the interest of the garden. These gardens make full use of the natural scenery and are dotted with simple and simple buildings, which are full of natural interest.

The Dianhuaxi Thatched Cottage built by the Tang Dynasty poet Du Fu in Chengdu is the predecessor of today's Du Fu Thatched Cottage. This garden is located next to the Huanhua Creek, built with the topography, and the branches in the garden are luxuriant, and together with the stream, it forms a beautiful garden scenery. When the poet Bai Juyi was the Sima of Jiangzhou (now Jiujiang, Jiangxi), he built a Lushan thatched cottage next to Lushan Mountain, and the building and furnishings were very simple.

Tang Dynasty scholars also liked to build gardens next to their houses or set up other businesses in the suburbs. According to the needs of life, and through the artistic understanding of the landscape, the gardener adapts measures to local conditions, stacks mountains and rivers, and expresses the taste of the owner.

Buddhism and Taoism flourished in the Tang Dynasty, with a large number of temples and buildings.