Survey on the Xibe language and writing, Xibe culture What are the characteristics of the Xibe langu

Xibe language.

The Xibe people have their own ethnic language, and the Xibe language belongs to the Manchu-Tungusic branch of the Altaic language family, which is mainly distributed in Qapqar Xibe Autonomous County, Huocheng, Tacheng, Gongliu, Yining, Urumqi and other places in Xinjiang. Compared with the Manchu language, more than 80% of the vocabulary is borrowed from the Manchu language. According to historical records, before the Qing Dynasty, the Xibe people used a language that was "neither Qing nor Mongolian".

Many people believe that this language is called "Jifuxi", and the Xibe people were conquered by the Manchus and incorporated into the Eight Banners of Manchuria, and then gradually changed to Manchu. In the absence of accurate historical data, of course, this view cannot be lightly concluded. In 1764, a part of the Xibe soldiers and civilians moved to Yili, Xinjiang, which led to a new development of the spoken Xibe language, which has continued to the present.

There are 26 vowels, which are divided into single vowels and compound vowels, with single vowels including: j, a, y, oe, u, o, and compound vowels i: i, ai, ui, oi, u, au, ou, ia, iu, io, y, ya, ua, uo.

There are 44 consonants. Xibe has its own characteristics, that is, the vowels are not divided into lengths, there are more compound vowels, there are vowel harmony, but not strict, the body words have the category of number and case, the noun has the third person reflexive collar is an additional component, the verb has the category of state, body and style, and the virtual word is relatively rich.

There are many words that are common to the syngnate family, such as muku "water", narhun "fine", ju "two", si "you", and donjim "listen". Some words are the same as Manchu but different from other languages of the same language family, such as alin (mountain) (for ar) and yali "meat" (for lya). Some words are different from the Manchu language, such as the "person" (Manchu for niyalma [nialma], for nan).

Derivation and synthesis are the main means of word formation. For example, from the verb root banji-"生" can be derived the words banjin "life", banjitai endowment", banjinem "reincarnation", banjitan "nature", banjibusi", "writer", etc. From the noun ang "kou", it can be synthesized into ang dam "interjection", ang tamsim "quarrel", ang alim "promise", duan wang ang uvarm "gaffe", ang nim "picky eater, bad mouth" and so on.

To a certain extent, the composition of words reflects the characteristics of semantic connections within the language, such as faun (liver) ambu (big) "bold", het (horizontal) fielen (article) "short **".

After the Xibe people moved westward, they absorbed Kazakh, Uyghur, Russian, Han and other words. For example, poi "big talker" () bai "horse racing" () pial (indam) "chat" (pian "chat").

Liru used his native morphemes to create a number of neologisms, such as veilin hethe "industry" and bajasu "wealth" (<

It is a language developed on the basis of the Xibe language, which was partially moved from the northeast to Xinjiang in the middle of the century. It is distributed in Qapqar Xibe Autonomous County, Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, as well as Huocheng, Gongliu, Tacheng and other places. The population is about 30,000.

There are no dialect differences. Some people abroad regard Xibe as a dialect of Manchu. It was formed in 1947 with slight changes on the basis.

Phonetically, there are 8 vowels: a, i, o, u, y, etc.; There are 17 compound vowels such as ai and i; There are 29 consonants: b, p, m, w, f, v, d, t, s, n, l, r, j, g, k, x, q, etc., as well as palatal consonants such as nj and lj, and labialized consonants such as fw and dw are weakened and pre-formed compared with Manchu.

The unstressed syllable a in Manchu is weakened to the vowels a and o in Xibe, and is influenced by the subsequent syllable vowel i in Xibe. There are vowels and harmonies, but the rules are more complex. In terms of grammar, nouns can be plural, case, personal and other additional components.

The personal collar is an additional component, and only the third person often uses grammatical categories such as verbs, forms, and forms, and the sentence order is that the subject precedes the predicate and the subordinate component precedes the central component. In terms of vocabulary, the root followed by various word-forming additional components is the main method of forming new words. After migrating westward, the Xibe absorbed some loanwords from Uyghur, Kazakh, and local Chinese dialects.

The spoken and written languages of the Xibe people are very similar to those of the Manchus. Before 1947, the Xibe people mainly used Manchu. After 1947, relevant people and language workers of the Xibe nationality established the "Xibe Solon Cultural Association" (hereinafter referred to as the "Xiso Association") in Yining City.

During this period, changes were made to the form of individual letters in Manchu, and the necessary spelling of chapters was added.

The Xibe language belongs to the Altaic language family-Manchu-Tungusic group-Manchu branch. It is mainly distributed in Qapqar Xibe Autonomous County, Huocheng, Gongliu, Tacheng and other counties in Xinjiang, China, as well as Urumqi City and Yining City. The population of use is about 10,000 (1982).

There are no dialect differences. Xibe was originally a dialect of Manchu, and after some Xibe people moved to Xinjiang from the northeast in the mid-18th century, it gradually developed into an independent language. At present, there are still people abroad who call Xibe a dialect of Manchu.

The Xibe people have their own language and script. The Xibe language belongs to the Manchu-Tongtingtangusi language group of the Altaic language family, and the Xibe language was formed in 1947 with slight changes on the basis of the Manchu language. The Xibe people are basically proficient in Chinese, and some of the Xibei people in Xinjiang are also fluent in Uygur and Kazakh.

Which clan has its own language?

There are 8 vowels such as a, i, o, u, y, and 18 compound vowels such as ai and i. Among them, , y, and 3 vowels are not found in written language. In some words, it is derived from the compound vowels of written language, such as ram "cherish" hairambi [airampi] and tmblim "tiyambelzhembi[thiampaljimpi].

Some of them are due to the influence of a and o on the subsequent syllable vowel i, such as aelim "receive" alimbi [alimpi] and oeemim "drink" omimbi [omimpi]. The vowel sound appears in front of the consonant n and is pronounced as a nasalized vowel. Appearing in front of the consonant l is pronounced as a tongue-curling vowel.

Compared with written language, unstressed syllable vowels are sometimes weakened in spoken language, such as adem successively "adambi[atampi]; Some fall off, such as bait "thing" baita [paita].

There are 29 consonants such as b, p, m, w, f, v, d, t、、、s, n, l, r、、、j, k, x、、、q, and palatal consonants such as lj, nj, rj, and xj, and labialized consonants such as dw, w, kw, and w. Most of the palatinized and labial consonants are produced by hail after the unstressed syllable vowels fall off in the written language, and the consonants still retain the effect of palatalization or rounded lips, such as jalj "meat" yali [jali] and otw "medicine" okto [oqhto]. A clear fricative occurs between vowels or between the consonants m, l, n, and r with a sound, and is pronounced as a corresponding voiced fricative, such as husun for "power" as [huzn], usin for "field" as [uzin], hergen as [xerhn], and halhun as [halhun" for "hot".

r does not appear at the beginning of the word, and the large and bright part of p appears in the adverbial or loanword.

There are vowels and harmonies, and they are more complex.

Different additional components are added after the stem to indicate different grammatical meanings.

Nouns can be added with additional components such as plural, case, and genus. The plural add-s -s is added not only to the words of the table, but also to the words of a few cousins, such as mori(n)s "many horses". Nouns have 7 cases, of which the additional ingredient -maq that forms the joint case is not found in Manchu.

Such as suomaq sam "chop with an axe". Nouns have a subordinate form, which is something that is not found in other languages. It is characterized by the fact that there are only personal collars, and there are no reflexive collars.

The third person collar is an additional ingredient used much more, the first cherry hold.

First, the second person collar is an additional ingredient that is used sparingly. Such as Inj Mahelinj "Your Hat", Terj Hehe-ni "His Sister".

Verbs have categories such as tense, body, tense, and tense, and there is no pronoun form. There are 5 temporal forms in the verb declarative form to distinguish between the intimate and non-intimate moods. Some are expressed by adding different additional components after the verb stem; Some are represented by different grammatical forms of the same auxiliary verb.

For example, ter (he's stupid) moerinb (horse) oemmm (drink) genehei (go) na (go)? "Did he drink his horse? (not in person); ter moerinb oemlm gene-heng "he drank the horse and went" (see in person).

The order of sentence components is more fixed in sentences. Generally, the subject is before the predicate, and the definite and adverbial are before the central language, such as sun tichim "sunrise", fulgian ilha "red flower", and hodun fehim "run". The clause generally precedes the main clause.

In clauses, most of them are verbs in form and adverb as predicates.