The properties of common acids and alkalis, and what are the common acids and alkalis?

1. Common acids include hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, etc., and their general properties are: 1

can discolor the indicator. 2.It can be replaced with certain metal elements to release hydrogen.

3.It can be neutralized with alkali to form salt and water. 4.

It can metabolize with certain metal oxides to form salts and water. 5.It can metabolize with certain salts to form a new acid and a new salt.

2. Common alkalis include sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, etc., and their general properties are: 1

can discolor the indicator. 2.It can react with certain non-metallic oxides to form salts and water.

3.It can be neutralized with acids to form salts and water. 4.

It can metabolize with certain salts to form new bases and new salts.

Three: common salts include sodium carbonate, calcium carbonate, sodium chloride, copper sulfate, etc., and their general properties are: 1

It can undergo a displacement reaction with certain metals. 2.Can react with certain acids.

3.Can react with certain bases. 4.

It can also react with certain salts.

Chemical properties of acid-base salts.

1. Chemical properties of acids:

Acid + metal oxide salt + water (acid + alkali salt + water).

Example: Fe2O3 + 6HCl = = = = 2FeCl3 + 3H2O2, acid + salt New acid + new salt.

For example: CaCO3 + 2HCl = === CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 3, acid + more active metal salt + hydrogen.

Example: Fe+2HCl====FeCl2+H2 4. Acid can react with acid-base indicator.

Example: Purple litmus solution turns red when exposed to acid.

The colorless phenolphthalein test solution does not change color when exposed to acid.

5. Acids can react with bases.

Acid + base === salt + water.

Example: HCl+NaOH====NaCl+H2O Supplement: HCl can be the same as AGno3

Carbonate ion reaction.

H2SO4 can be the same...

2. Chemical properties of alkali:

1. Alkali + non-metallic oxide salt + water.

Example: Ca(OH)2 + CO2 ====CaCO3 + H2O2, alkali + salt neoalkali + new salt.

Example: Ca(OH)2+Na2CO3====2NaOH+CaCO3 3, alkali + acid water + salt.

For example: HCl+NaOH====NaCl+H2O4, alkali can react with acid-base indicator.

Example: Purple litmus solution turns blue when exposed to alkali.

The colorless phenolphthalein test solution turns red when exposed to alkali.

3. Chemical properties of salt:

1. Salt + metal with strong activity New salt + metal in the original salt.

Example: Fe+CuSO4====Cu+FeSo42, Salt + Salt Two new salts.

Example: naclagno3

nano3agcl↓

3. Acid + salt New acid + new salt.

Example: CaCO3+2HCl====CaCl2+H2O+CO2 4, alkali + salt neoalkali + new salt.

Example: Ca(OH)2+Na2CO3====2NaOH+CaCO3

Several common acids and bases.

1. Acid: The cations produced during dissociation are all hydrogen ion compounds, which are called acids.

Examples: H2SO4 (sulfuric acid), HCl (hydrochloric acid), HNO3 (nitric acid).

2. Alkali: The anions produced during dissociation are all compounds of hydroxide ions, called bases.

For example: NaOH (sodium hydroxide), KOH (potassium hydroxide), NH4OH (ammonia).

3. Salt: A compound that generates metal cations (or NH4) and acid ions during dissociation, called salts.

Examples: Na2CO3 (sodium carbonate), CuSO4 (copper sulfate), NH4NO3 (ammonium nitrate).

The universality of the three

1. Acid. Corrosive, the solution is acidic, can react with active metals, alkalis, some salts and metal oxides react with active metals before hydrogen to form salts and hydrogen, react with indicators, pH acidic solution is not necessarily acid, but acid must be acidic solution (that is, acidic).

2. Alkali. Corrosive. The solution is alkaline and can react with acids, certain salts, non-metal oxides, and some bases can react with certain metal oxides and react with indicators Alkaline solutions are not necessarily alkalis, but alkalis must be alkaline solutions.

Alkaline solutions are not necessarily alkaline solutions, that is, the so-called alkalis; But alkali must be alkaline, that is, the pH value is greater than 7. ）

3. Salt. Some salts are weakly corrosive, and the pH of the solution is determined according to the properties of the salt, which can react with certain acids, bases, salts and other compounds.

Several common acids and bases.

Acids and bases and salts are defined as:

1. Acid: The compound that produces the cation of Xiangli when ionized is all hydrogen ions (H+) is called acid, or the substance that dissolves in water and can release protons to form H3O+ (hydronium ion) is also an acid.

2. Alkali: In the theory of acid-base ionization, alkali refers to the anion ionized in an aqueous solution.

All are compounds of OH-; In acid-base proton theory, a base refers to a compound that can accept protons; In the theory of acid-base electrons.

, base refers to electron donor.

Theory of soft and hard acids and bases.

On the basis of the work of his predecessors, Ralph Pearson proposed the theory of soft and hard acid-base (HSAB) in 1963: the central atom with small volume, high positive charge number and low polarizability is called hard acid, and the central atom with large volume, low positive charge number and high polarizability is called soft acid. will be electronegative.

High, low polarizability, difficult to be oxidized by the coordination of the original high tartarium is called hard alkali, vice versa is soft alkali; Other acids and bases are junctional acids and bases. The scope of application cannot include the entire Lewis acid base. System.

Chemical properties of acid-base salts.

1. Chemical properties of acids:

Acids + metal oxides.

Salt + water (acid + alkali salt + water).

Example: Fe2O3 + 6HCl = = = = 2FeCl3 + 3H2O2, acid + salt New acid + new salt.

For example: CaCO3 + 2HCl = === CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 3, acid + more active metal salt + hydrogen.

Example: Fe+2HCl===FeCl2+H2 4, acid can be used with acid-base indicator.

React. Example: Purple litmus solution turns red when exposed to acid.

The colorless phenolphthalein test solution does not change color when exposed to acid.

5. Acids can react with bases.

Acid + base === salt + water.

Example: HCl+NaOH====NaCl+H2O Supplement: HCl can be the same as AGno3

Carbonate ion reaction.

H2SO4 can be the same...

2. Chemical properties of alkali:

1. Alkali + non-metallic oxide salt + water.

Example: Ca(OH)2 + CO2 ====CaCO3 + H2O2, alkali + salt neoalkali + new salt.

Example: Ca(OH)2+Na2CO3====2NaOH+CaCO3 3, alkali + acid water + salt.

For example: HCl+NaOH====NaCl+H2O4, alkali can react with acid-base indicator.

Example: Purple litmus solution turns blue when exposed to alkali.

The colorless phenolphthalein test solution turns red when exposed to alkali.

3. Chemical properties of salt:

1. Salt + metal with strong activity New salt + metal in the original salt.

Example: Fe+CuSO4====Cu+FeSo42, Salt + Salt Two new salts.

Example: naclagno3

nano3agcl↓

3. Acid + salt New acid + new salt.

Example: CaCO3+2HCl====CaCl2+H2O+CO2 4, alkali + salt neoalkali + new salt.

Example: Ca(OH)2+Na2CO3====2NaOH+CaCO3

The properties of acid-base salts are as follows:

Acid-base salts must contain non-metallic elements. Corrosive, the solution is acidic, can react with active metals, alkalis, certain salts and metal oxides react with active metals that are discharged before hydrogen to form salts and hydrogen, and react with indicators.

A pH-sensitive solution is not necessarily an acid, but an acid must be an acidic solution (i.e., acidic). Corrosive. The solution is alkaline and can react with acids, certain salts, non-metal oxides, and some bases can react with certain metal oxides and react with indicators Alkaline solutions are not necessarily alkalis, but alkalis must be alkaline solutions.

What are acid-base salts:

Acid refers to compounds in which all cations produced during ionization are hydrogen ions; Base refers to a compound in which all the anions produced during ionization are hydroxide ions; Salts refer to compounds that form metal cations (or ammonium ions) and acid ions when ionized.

It can be abbreviated as: hydrogen head acid, hydroxide end alkali, metal start acid end is salt. Acids, alkalis, and salts are important knowledge points in chemistry learning.

How to learn chemistry well?

Study at consistent times of the day when your concentration is naturally high. Make your study habits part of your lifestyle and make the most of your fragmented time. Learn to make plans and set learning tasks into your daily schedule.

Qingxian attaches great importance to the consciousness and habit of output, and output is the killer weapon to transform knowledge into himself.

Make it a habit to prepare. Here is to correct the wrong view of most people: preview slows down the pace of learning, and preview is not necessary. On the contrary, preview can help you sort out your listening ideas, improve the efficiency of listening, reduce the review time after class, and take the initiative to win half the victory.

Psychological construction is equally important, even if you feel slack in your heart, you should encourage yourself to answer the wheel sedan chair, adjust Kiriten in time, and remember that people can have negative emotions such as "I want to learn, I am really boring to learn, and learning is very hard". Focus on memorizing hard-to-remember knowledge points, quickly memorize them when encountered, and review and memorize them in the next few days.

Make it a habit to do the little things quickly. This is also a very important habit. The top ones do their own things, and the backward ones don't blindly compare. If you can't reach the big goal, hurry up and set a small goal.

If you can't do the difficult problems, pick the easy ones that suit you to do them. The most terrible thing in life is that you can't do big things, you can't do small things, you can't do high, you can't do low, you can't go up, you can't go down. So let ourselves never give up.

Learn to make mind maps, note down the key points while listening during class, and then review the content of the class to make a mind map. Pay attention to the interaction of thoughts, rather than simply sitting there with a dead brain and thinking stupidly.