What are the main aspects of computer crime?

1) The means of committing the crime are intelligent and hidden. Most of the computer crimes are committed by the perpetrators through cunning and careful arrangements and the use of computer expertise.

Intellectual crimes committed by knowledge. When committing this kind of criminal act, criminals only need to input wrong instructions into the computer, tamper with software programs, and the crime is committed for a short time and will not cause any damage to the computer hardware and information carrier, leaving no traces of the crime, making it difficult for ordinary people to perceive the changes that have occurred inside the computer.

In addition, the methods used in computer crime are relatively hidden, so it is difficult to detect.

2) The targets of criminal infringement are relatively concentrated. As far as the computer crime cases that have been cracked in China are concerned, the perpetrators are mainly for the purpose of illegally appropriating wealth and deliberately retaliating, so the targets are mainly concentrated in important economic sectors and units such as finance, telecommunications, and large companies, among which the financial, ** and other departments are particularly prominent.

3) It is difficult to investigate and collect evidence, it is difficult to solve the case, and there is a high number of crimes. The basic meaning of the crime black number is the number that actually occurs, but is not reflected in the official crime statistics. The number of computer crimes is quite high, and according to statistics, 99% of computer crimes cannot be detected by people.

In addition, in such cases, it is quite difficult to investigate and collect evidence of crimes.

4) The consequences of crime are serious and the harm to society is great. International computer security experts believe that the social harm of computer crime depends on the social role of computer information systems, the degree of computerization of social assets, and the degree of popularization and application of computers.

Discharge cooling is another type of convection cooling. Unlike regenerative cooling, the coolant used for exhaust cooling absorbs heat to the thrust chamber and is discharged out of the combustion chamber instead of entering the combustion chamber to participate in combustion. Direct drain coolant reduces the thrust chamber specific impulse, so the coolant flow for drain cooling needs to be minimized while only using drain cooling at the outlet section of the nozzle that is relatively less heated.

There is also radiative cooling, in which the heat flow is transferred from the combustion products to the thrust chamber, and then the heat is radiated by the thrust chamber wall to the surrounding space. Radiative cooling is characterized by simplicity and small structural mass. It is mainly used in the extension section of large nozzles and the thrust chamber of small thrust engines using high-temperature resistant materials.

When cooling in the thrust chamber of the tissue, a relatively low temperature liquid or gas protective layer is established on the surface of the thrust chamber wall to reduce the heat flow to the thrust chamber wall, reduce the wall temperature, and achieve cooling. Internal cooling is mainly divided into three methods: internal cooling (shield cooling), membrane cooling and diaphoretic cooling of head tissues. After the internal cooling measures are adopted in the thrust chamber, the mixing ratio near the wall of the combustion chamber is different from the optimal mixing ratio in the central area (in most cases, the near-wall layer rich in fuel is used) due to the need to reduce the temperature of the protective layer, resulting in the uneven distribution of the mixing ratio along the cross-section of the combustion chamber, so that the combustion efficiency is reduced to a certain extent.

Membrane cooling is similar to shield cooling in that it cools the thrust chamber wall by establishing a uniform and stable coolant film or air film protective layer near the inner wall surface, except that the coolant used to establish the protective layer is not injected by the injector, but is supplied through a special cooling belt. The cooling band is generally arranged in a cross-section of the combustion chamber or the convergence section of the nozzle. There can be several cooling bands along the length of the combustion chamber.

In order to improve the stability of the membrane, the coolant often flows through the gaps or small holes in the cooling belts, and when sweating is used, the thrust chamber wall or part of the inner wall is made of porous material with a pore diameter of tens of microns. Porous materials are usually sintered with metal powders or pressed with metal mesh. In this case, the number of pores per unit area is increased by making the micropores in the material as evenly distributed as possible.

The liquid coolant penetrates into the inner wall, creating a protective film that reduces the density of the heat transferred to the wall. When the flow rate of liquid coolant used for sweat cooling is above a certain threshold, a liquid film is formed near the wall of the thrust chamber. When the coolant flow rate is below the critical flow, the inner wall temperature will be higher than the coolant boiling point at the current pressure, and some or all of the coolant will evaporate, forming an air film.

In addition to the above thermal protection, there are other thermal protection methods such as: ablation cooling, thermal insulation cooling, hot melt cooling and composite protection of chamber walls. 3. Thermal protection scheme of high enthalpy gas generator Based on the above methods and the actual situation, the thermal protection method of high enthalpy gas generator is obtained.

The combustion chamber of a high-enthalpy gas generator differs from that of a liquid rocket engine, eliminating the front thrust chamber part, making its structure simpler and more effective. Then, the thermal protection involved is the thermal protection part of the combustion chamber wall. As the fuel enters the combustion chamber, it quickly decomposes and releases large quantities.

The characteristics of computer crime are:

1. Criminal acts are not limited by time and place, are easy to commit, and difficult to discover;

2. The perpetrator of the crime has a certain degree of deception;

3. Office staff's security awareness is relatively weak, and the success rate of crime is high;

4. It is harmful.

[Legal basis].Article 286 of the Penal Code.

Whoever violates state regulations by deleting, modifying, adding, or interfering with the functions of a computer information system, causing the computer information system to be unable to operate normally, and the consequences are serious, is to be sentenced to up to five years imprisonment or short-term detention; where the consequences are especially serious, the sentence is to be five or more years imprisonment. Where state regulations are violated by deleting, modifying, or adding to data and applications stored, processed, or transmitted in Bi Split Hao's computer information system, and the consequences are serious, punishment is to be given in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. Intentionally creating or disseminating computer viruses or other destructive programs, impacting the normal operation of computer systems, and the consequences are serious, are to be punished in accordance with the provisions of the first paragraph.

Where a unit commits the crimes in the preceding three paragraphs, the unit is to be fined, and the directly responsible managers and other directly responsible personnel are to be punished in accordance with the provisions of the first paragraph.

The characteristics of computer crime are: 1. Criminal acts are not limited by time and place, easy to carry out, and difficult to discover; 2. The perpetrator of the crime has a certain degree of deception; 3. Office staff's security awareness is relatively weak, and the success rate of crime is high; 4. It is harmful.

Criminal Punishments: Article 286: Where state provisions are violated by deleting, modifying, adding, or interfering with the functions of computer information systems, causing computer information systems to fail to operate normally, and the consequences are serious, a sentence of up to five years imprisonment or short-term detention is to be given; where the consequences are especially serious, the sentence is to be five or more years imprisonment. Where state provisions are violated by deleting, modifying, or adding to data stored, processed, or transmitted in computer information systems, or programs that should be used for use, and the consequences are serious, punishment is to be given in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. Where computer viruses or other destructive programs are intentionally created or disseminated, impacting the normal operation of computer systems, and the consequences are serious, punishment is to be given in accordance with the provisions of the first paragraph.

Where a unit commits the crimes in the preceding three paragraphs, the unit is to be fined and the directly responsible managers and other directly responsible personnel are to be punished in accordance with the provisions of the first paragraph.

Computer crime has the following characteristics:

1. Low risk and high concealment.

2. It is difficult to determine the subject of the crime.

3. Most of them are highly intelligent premeditated crimes.

4. There is a trend of younger age of criminal subjects. Teenagers make up a large proportion of cybercrime perpetrators.

[Legal basis].

Article 285 of the Criminal Law.

Whoever violates state regulations by intruding into computer information systems in the fields of state affairs, national defense construction, or cutting-edge science and technology shall be sentenced to up to three years imprisonment or short-term detention.

Where state provisions are violated by invading computer information systems other than those provided for in the preceding paragraph or employing other technical means to obtain data stored, processed, or transmitted in that computer information system, or by illegally controlling the computer information system, and the circumstances are serious, a sentence of up to three years imprisonment or short-term detention is to be given, and/or a fine; where the circumstances are especially serious, the sentence is between three and seven years imprisonment and a concurrent fine.

Where programs or tools are provided specifically for the purpose of invading or illegally controlling computer information systems, or providing programs or tools to others while clearly knowing that they are committing illegal or criminal acts of invading or illegally controlling computer information systems, and the circumstances are serious, punishment is to be given in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph.

Where a unit commits the crimes in the preceding three paragraphs, the unit is to be fined, and the directly responsible managers and other directly responsible personnel are to be punished in accordance with the provisions of those paragraphs.