What are the influences of the legal environment on the development and change of accounting?

a.Socio-economic level.

b.level of science and technology.

c.Culture, fuel, and education level.

d.The state of the political system.

e.The state of the economic system.

Correct answer: ABCDE

There are three main factors for reasonable accounting estimates: 1. Environmental factors of accounting estimates: for example, the business situation of the enterprise and its changes, including the business strategy, the overall trend of the industry in which the enterprise is located, etc.; Minutes of important meetings such as the board of directors and shareholders' general meetings of the company; ** Standardization, inspection, supervision and other functional departments to disclose information, etc.; allegations, claims and valuations of corporate interests; The basic requirements of the enterprise for accounting estimates and the status of past accounting estimates, etc.; 2. Control factors and assumptions of accounting estimates:

For example, when determining the value of intangible assets purchased and self-created, the factors that need to be considered are: ( the cost of acquisition and self-creation of intangible assets;  its beneficiary capacity and life cycle;  its scientific value and market supply and demand factors;  its net book value and the valuation standards of the same industry; The extent to which intangible assets are affected by the future development of the enterprise and the development of science and technology. 3. Ex-post factors of accounting estimates:

After the date of reporting of assets and liabilities, there are often subsequent events or transactions that have a significant impact on the accounting estimates, or events in which new or further evidence is obtained. This is also an element that constitutes an accounting estimate, i.e., adjusting and non-adjusting events. Adjustments such as:

Impairment of assets has been confirmed; ( Returned sales; • Compensation received or paid in a determined manner. Non-adjusting events such as: ( ** and the issuance of bonds; • Huge investment in a business; • Loss of assets as a result of natural disasters;  Foreign exchange rates fluctuate significantly.

In addition, when some changes in economic and accounting policies occur in the later part of the reporting period, and the enterprise does not take into account or is difficult to take into account when estimating some accounting events, it is necessary to make corresponding supplementary explanations in the financial statements (reports).

Different legal environments also have great differences in the requirements for accounting supervision and the quality of accounting personnel. Due to the implementation of strong centralized management, civil law countries also follow the same idea on the issue of accounting supervision, relying on the relevant departments to implement more supervision of accounting, and due to the specific and unified characteristics of accounting norms, the professional judgment space of accounting personnel is narrow, and accounting personnel are generally accustomed to following the rules and regulations, and the quality requirements are relatively low;In countries with the law of the sea, due to the greater influence of the role of the market, the flexibility of accounting norms and accounting supervision mainly rely on social and non-governmental organizations, leaving a wide range of room for accountants to make independent judgments, and the requirements for the quality of accountants are relatively high.

A country's political environment includes political system, political line, political ideology and political leadership. Their impact on accounting is mostly indirect, and the impact is mainly manifested in three aspects:

1.The ruling stratum under any kind of political system needs to use accounting to deal with the relationship of economic interests, which will inevitably make accounting have a certain political color and social attributes

2.The political system, as a superstructure, has a role in promoting or hindering the reform and development of the economic system, and the reform of the political system will inevitably lead to changes in the economic environment in which accounting depends, and then bring about corresponding changes in all aspects of accounting

3.The degree of democratic financial management in different political environments is different, the mass supervision system is different, and the requirements for the degree of accounting information disclosure are also different.

From the perspective of legal factors, in civil law countries, the law has an important impact on territorial principles and accounting systems, and accounting provisions such as corporate financial reporting are often directly listed as part of commercial law or company law;In common law countries, accounting principles and systems are generally not specifically regulated by legislation, and even if some laws deal with accounting requirements, they are usually only principled provisions, and detailed and specific accounting standards are generally formulated under the auspices of accounting professional groups or specialized agencies jointly formed by relevant parties. Factors such as culture, fashion, and attitudes in the social environment also have an impact on accounting. For example, the tendency of members of society to be prudent and confidential may lead enterprises to underestimate assets and over-make provisions for bad debtsThe tendency of society to keep secrets may lead to a lack of information in financial reporting.

In a society with a generally low level of literacy, especially a large proportion of illiterates, the availability and use of accounting information are very limited.

The main factor influencing the accounting environment is the number of rounds ().

a.Economic factors.

b.Technological factors.

c.Political and legal factors.

d.Socio-cultural and educational factors.

Correct Answer: Selling Economic Factors;Technology is all about factors; Political and legal factors. Socio-cultural and educational factors.