What kind of background conditions did the Westernization Movement take place in the late Qing Dynas

After the Second Opium War, the Qing Dynasty was in a difficult situation both internally and externally. Some of the more enlightened ** within the ruling group advocated the use of advanced Western production technology to strengthen the army and enrich the country, get rid of the predicament, and maintain the rule of the Qing Dynasty.

In December 1860, Zeng Guofan said that at present, with the help of foreign forces to suppress and transport grain, temporary worries can be reduced; In the future, you can learn foreign skills and build concocted ships, and you can also receive permanent benefits. In the second year, he put into play the above views, advocating the purchase of foreign ship guns, visiting skilled craftsmen, first drilling, and then trial construction, but also.

In one or two years, steamships will become the common thing for the government and the people, and at that time, they can be dispatched (referring to the Taiping Army) and twisted (twisted army), and be diligent and far-sighted, which is the first priority to save the time. After Li Hongzhang arrived in Shanghai in 1862, he received help from foreign invaders to train foreign artillery teams and set up foreign artillery bureaus. He believes that the Qing army is often several times more powerful than foreign enemies, and still cannot win, because it is not good, and the guns and cannons are indiscriminate, and if the firearms can be compared with those of the West, then "there is more than enough to level China, and there is no shortage of enemies and foreign countries".

Yi saw that Zeng and Li were learning to build foreign ships and cannons, and decided to send people to study, and said in the recital that governing the country should be self-reliant, self-improvement is based on military training, and military training is based on weapon making, "I can be self-reliant, and I can be at peace with each other" (Xianfeng Dynasty).

The historical background of the Westernization Movement includes domestic background and international background

1. Domestic background: After the defeat of the two Opium Wars and the blow of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the Qing Dynasty was in internal and external difficulties, and some bureaucrats of the Qing Dynasty began to realize the power of Western strong ships and artillery. In order to relieve internal and external troubles, realize the prosperity of the country and strengthen the army, and maintain the rule of the Qing Dynasty, he began to learn Western culture and advanced technology.

2. International background: Since the 15th century, the general environment of the world has begun to change. Western capitalism began to sprout.

The opening of new routes, the Renaissance, the Reformation, the bourgeois revolution, the industrial revolution. By the time the Westernization Movement took place, the capitalist world system had been preliminarily completed, and mankind had entered a new period, which was also the inevitable development of history.

1. The introduction of advanced science and technology and equipment from the West.

2. A number of new-style schools have been established and a number of modern scientific and technological talents have been cultivated.

3. Establish a modern national defense force.

4. The establishment of modern industry.

5. Promote the emergence and development of capitalism in China.

It was the initial stage of China's modernization (1840-1895).

It was mainly the Westernization movement led by the landlord class. The main characteristics are: "Chinese body and Western use" as the guiding ideology.

1.In the early stage of the Westernization Movement, under the banner of "self-improvement", a number of modern military enterprises were established, mainly "three bureaus and one bureau": the earliest was the Anqingnei Ordnance Institute founded by Zeng Guofan in 1861, and the largest was the Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau sponsored by Zeng and Li.

2.In the later period, under the banner of "seeking wealth", a number of civilian industries were established, mainly including "three bureaus and one factory": the earliest was the steamship China Merchants Bureau founded by Li Hongzhang in Shanghai in 1872.

3.During this period, the modernization of the political system had not yet been put on the agenda, and industrialization, with the military industry as the main body, made some progress, and went through the process of development from heavy industry to light industry, from military supplies to civilian use, and from state-run to private. The form of investment has also changed from government-run, government-supervised and commercial-run to commercial-run, and has undergone a transformation from one yuan to multiple ones.

4.At the same time, due to the needs of the Westernization Movement, modernization began to gradually penetrate from the economic field to the fields of science and technology, culture, and talent education, and the modernization of China's education began.

Mainly in the industrial side, such as the Hanyang Iron Works (with a large annual output at that time), the Gangnam Manufacturing General Bureau (steamship manufacturing), etc.

I combined the answers given by history books and workbooks.

The introduction of advanced technology from the West enabled the emergence of the first batch of modern enterprises in China, promoted the development of Chinese capitalism, objectively conformed to the historical trend of development, and opened up the way for China's modernization. This movement lasted more than 30 years, established a large number of modern military and civilian industries, and sent young children to study in Europe and the United States, opening a precedent for modern education

The main contents of the Westernization Movement are found in high school textbooks, and there are four main aspects: First, the establishment of military industries, mainly including the Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau founded by Li Hongzhang, the Tianjin Machine Manufacturing Army founded by Chonghou, the Fuzhou Shipbuilding Bureau founded by Zuo Zongtang, and the Anqingnei Ordnance Institute of Zeng Guofan; second, the establishment of civilian industries, mainly including the steamship China Merchants Bureau and Kaiping Coal Mine founded by Li Hongzhang, and the Hubei Weaving Layout and Hanyang Iron Works founded by Zhang Zhidong;

Third, it planned coastal defense and established three navies: Beiyang, Nanyang and Fujian; Fourth, it is necessary to train modern talents, open new-style schools and send students to study abroad, mainly in the fields of translation, military affairs, and scientific and technological personnel.

The nature is: a self-help movement of the landlord class to maintain feudal rule.

Contents: 1. Establish a military industry under the slogan of "self-improvement"; 2. Later, in order to solve the problems of raw materials, capital and transportation, he founded a civilian industry under the slogan of "seeking wealth"; 3. Planning coastal defense in the seventies of the nineteenth century; 4. Establish a new school and send international students.

Nature: The self-help movement of the feudal landlord class.

Content. 1.Creation of a modern military industry.

2.Establishment of modern civil industry. 3.

Coastal defense was planned and three modern Chinese navies were created. 4.Establish a new type of school.

Quality. It was a self-help campaign of failed feudal rulers. [History textbook for the second year of junior high school].