What are the types of externalities externalities ? What criteria are these types based on?

First, there are four types of externalities (externalities): the external economy of production, the external economy of consumption, the external uneconomy of production, and the external uneconomy of consumption. It is divided according to the non-market impact of the activities of producers or consumers on other producers or consumers in actual economic activities.

Second, externalities (externalities) in economics refer to the non-market effects of the activities of producers or consumers on other producers or consumers in actual economic activities. This effect can be beneficial or harmful. The beneficial effect (benefit externalization) is called the external-economic, or positive externality; Harmful effects (externalization of costs) are called externalities uneconomic, or negative externalities.

Externalities are generated along with production and consumption activities, which can be either positive or negative.

3. Externality: refers to a situation in which the actions and decisions of one person or group of people harm or benefit another person or group of people; It is divided into positive externalities and negative externalities. Project External Effects:

Indirect economic benefits and indirect economic costs refer to the contribution of the project to the national economy and the cost paid by the national economy for the project, which are not reflected in the direct benefits and direct costs.

Fourth, the types include:

1. Industry-related effects;

2. Environmental and ecological effects;

3. Technology diffusion effect.

Fifth, externality refers to a person's behavior of production or consumption, which brings losses or gains to others, but does not pay the corresponding price for these losses and gains, or obtain corresponding compensation Externalities are divided into two types, one is called external economy, and the other is called selling uneconomy External economy refers to the behavior of others to bring benefits to others, and externality not only refers to a person's behavior, which brings bad influence to others.

Sixth, externalities, also known as spillover effects, external influences, externality effects or external effects, external economy, refer to the actions and decisions of one person or group of people that harm or benefit another person or group of people.

Externalities. Internalization refers to the process in which external effects are corrected and resource allocation is changed from inefficient to efficient.

Essentially, the marginal value of externalities is priced. The internalization of externalities can be used to explain corrective measures for externalities. Since the reason for the market supply of goods or services with externalities is either excessive or insufficient is due to the private marginal benefit, or the inconsistency between the cost and the social marginal benefit or cost, the corrective measures should focus on the adjustment of the private marginal benefit or cost.

When the private marginal benefit or cost of a good or service is adjusted enough to enable an individual's or firm's decision-making to take into account the externalities, the actual social benefit is considered.

or cost, the internalization of externalities is realized. From this point of view, the internalization process of external effects, that is, the process of correcting external effects, and the process of resource allocation from inefficient to efficient.

Specifically, the internalization of externalities is actually the pricing of the marginal value of externalities. In the case of negative externalities, the internalization is the addition of external marginal costs.

to the private marginal cost, so that the ** of the good can reflect the full social marginal cost;As far as positive externalities are concerned, their internalization is that the external marginal benefits are added to the private marginal benefits, so that the ** of this kind of goods can reflect all the social marginal benefits.

**Fiscal measures to correct externalities (or internalize externalities) can be divided into two categories: corrective taxes and corrective fiscal subsidies.

The former is used to internalize negative externalities, such as Hu Ying, and the latter is used to internalize positive externalities.

Since the negative externalities are due to the difference between the marginal private cost and the marginal social cost, Pigou proposed the implementation of state intervention from the perspective of the role of the market and the role of the market, and the use of taxation to make up for the difference between the marginal private cost and the marginal social cost of different industries, so as to make the two equal and realize the internalization of the externality. Industrial regulation is the basic way to compensate for market failures and deal with externalities.

Externality is an economic term that is the concept of an uncompensated effect of a person's actions on the welfare of bystanders. Dou Liang.

In other words, externality arises when a person engages in an activity that affects the welfare of bystanders, for which he is neither paid nor paid.

Positive externalities: If the impact on the bystander is favorable, we call it a positive externality:

Here are two examples:

The restoration of historic buildings has a positive externality, as those who walk or cycle around such buildings can appreciate the beauty of these buildings and feel the sense of history that they bring.

Education also produces positive externalities. Education can teach and educate people, but at the same time, it brings a series of positive externalities, such as the higher the quality of people who are more educated; More educated people mean lower crime rates; The well-educated companion can promote technological progress, etc., which are the positive externalities brought about by education.

Negative externalities: If the impact on bystanders is unfavorable, we call it a negative externality. As the name suggests, it is the opposite of positive externalities.

Here are two examples:

Automobile exhaust gases have negative externalities. Because it produces smoke that other people have to breathe, this externality tends to cause pollution.

The barking of the dog causes negative externalities. Because in the life of the residents will be disturbed by noise. Dog owners don't bear the full cost of noise and therefore rarely take precautions to prevent their own dogs from barking.

Data Expansion: Internalization of Externalities: Changing incentives to make people take into account the externalities of their behavior.

For example, in order to reduce pollution, the aluminum sold by aluminum producers is taxed, so that aluminum producers can voluntarily adjust their production to achieve the purpose of reducing pollution. The application of this tax is called the internalization of externalities.

PositiveExternalities. Rationale:

It refers to the activities of the welfare of bystanders of the economic silver bridge entity, and if the byside-view brings increased benefits (income), it can be called "positive externalities". Conversely, the external-to-by-spectator welfare loss (cost leakage) is known as a "negative externality."

Externalities, also known as spillovers, externalities, or externality effects, refer to situations in which the actions and decisions of one person or group of people harm or benefit another. Economic externalities are the non-market-oriented impacts of economic activities of economic agents (including manufacturers or individuals) on others and society. That is, when members of society (including organizations and individuals) engage in economic activities, the costs and consequences are not entirely borne by the actor.

Divided into positive externalities.

positive

externality)

and negative externalities.

negative

externality)。Positive externalities are when the activities of an economic actor benefit others or society without cost to the beneficiaries, while negative externalities are when the activities of an economic actor cause damage to others or society, but the person who causes the external uneconomy does not bear the costs.