What is the connection between the Six Departments of the Sui and Tang dynasties and the Six Offi

The Six Divisions of the Sui and Tang Dynasties and the Zhou Dynasty.

The six senses are basically the same in function, and belong to the relationship of inheritance and development.

Zhou Dynasty. In order to facilitate management, the heavenly officials, the earth officials, the spring officials, the summer officials, and the autumn officials were set up.

Winter Officer. These are not six separate individuals, but six institutions, each in charge of the bureaucracy, the hukou, the etiquette, the army, the law, and so on. However, there are many scholars who question the authenticity of the six officials of the Zhou Dynasty, because such a tight organizational structure appeared so early.

It's incredible. Guo Moruo.

He has written about this issue. But even so, the six senses are still very helpful for us to understand the ancient official system.

During the Sui and Tang dynasties, the system of three provinces and six ministries was created.

And it continued to feudal society.

Perdition, it can be said that the vitality is tenacious. The six departments of the Sui and Tang dynasties were subordinate to the six departments of officials, households, rites, soldiers, criminals, and workers in Shangshu Province, each of which was a special office and had four subordinate departments. But because of the centralization.

With the development of imperial power, although the functional division of the six departments is more rigorous than that of the six officials, the actual power is not as great as the six officials, because the Shangshu Province is generally only responsible for the implementation, and the Zhongshu Province.

It is responsible for deciding whether the plan or project is approved or not, and the ministry is responsible for reviewing it.

In the Zhou Dynasty, the hierarchy between the six officials was equal, and although the three provinces and six departments were equal on the surface during the Sui and Tang dynasties, they still had to be divided into high and low in private. For example, the household department has the funds, and many times other departments have to bow to him, especially the Ministry of Works, which is in charge of construction. There is also the Ministry of War.

In fact, it is largely an empty shell, because no emperor is at ease to hand over military power to others. Officials.

Although he was in charge of personnel appointments, the final decision-making power was still handed over to the emperor.

Although there was such a detailed division of labor in ancient times, it was actually the emperor's word.

The development from the six officials to the six departments is actually because the emperor wants to divide the power in the hands of the officials, and strive to make them become tools who only do things and do not hold power, so that his world can be more stable.

The "Six Departments" of the Sui and Tang dynasties can be said to have developed from the "Six Officials" of the Zhou Dynasty. Although the two are different in name, they are the same in terms of their status in the imperial court and the state affairs they are responsible for.

Six senses"with"Six"In fact, it is a continuous relationship. The six officials recorded in "Zhou Li" are also known as Liuqing, and from the six officials to the six departments have always been the power used by ancient emperors to divide everyone.

The functions of the six ministries of the three provinces of the Sui and Tang dynasties are as follows:

Shangshu Province – the highest administrative body, responsible for the implementation of important decrees of the state;

Menxia Province – a deliberative body responsible for reviewing government decrees;

Zhongshu Province - the decision-making body responsible for drafting and issuing the emperor's edicts.

Officials: responsible for assessment, appointment and dismissal of the four grades or less**.

Household Department: responsible for finance and treasury.

Ministry of Rites: responsible for tribute, sacrifices, and ceremonies.

Military Department: Responsible for military affairs.

Criminal Department: responsible for judicial and auditing affairs. The specific trial is also in charge of Dali Temple. Major cases are organized to be tried by the Criminal Department, Yushitai, and Dali Temple. It is called three judges.

Ministry of Engineering: responsible for engineering construction.

The three-province and six-ministry system was a political system developed and formed for a long time after the Western Han Dynasty, formally established in the Sui Dynasty, and further improved in the Tang Dynasty. The three-province and six-ministry system is a set of well-organized first-class official systems in ancient Chinese feudal society. It was established in the Sui Dynasty, and since then until the end of the Qing Dynasty, the six-part system has basically remained unchanged; For the three-province system, Shangshu Province was formed in the Eastern Han Dynasty (then known as Shangshutai); The Zhongshu Province and the Menxia Province were formed during the Three Kingdoms with the aim of dividing and limiting the power of the Shangshu Province.

In the process of development, the organizational form and power have evolved, and it was not until the Sui Dynasty that it was neatly unified into three provinces and six ministries, which were mainly in charge of the formulation, review and implementation of government decrees and policies. The rulers of different periods have made some adjustments and additions that are conducive to strengthening the centralization of power.

Military Department: Responsible for military affairs. Household Department: responsible for finance and treasury; Ministry of Rites: responsible for tribute and sacrifice. Ceremony; Officials: responsible for assessment, appointment and dismissal of the four grades or less**.

Criminal Department: responsible for judicial and auditing affairs. The specific trial is also in charge of Dali Temple. Major cases are organized to be tried by the Criminal Department, Yushitai, and Dali Temple. It is called three judges.

Ministry of Engineering: responsible for engineering construction.

The six departments refer to the Ministry of Officials, the Ministry of Households, the Ministry of Rites, the Ministry of War, the Ministry of Punishment, and the Ministry of Industry under Shangshu Province. Each ministry has jurisdiction over four divisions of repentance, a total of 24 divisions.

The six ministers are Shangshu, and the deputy title is Shilang. The Ministry of Officials is in charge of the appointment, dismissal, inspection, promotion, transfer and other affairs of officials across the country; The household department is in charge of the world's land, household registration, taxation, fiscal revenue and expenditure, etc.; The Ministry of Rites is in charge of national rules and regulations, sacrificial schools, imperial examinations, and the reception of foreign guests; The military department, the selection of military generals, military registration, ordnance, military orders, etc.; The Criminal Department is in charge of legal and prison affairs; The Ministry of Industry is in charge of mountains, tuntian, craftsmen, water conservancy, transportation, various projects, etc.

【Three provinces and six departments】The three provinces are Zhongshu Province, Menxia Province, and Shangshu Province. During the Sui and Tang dynasties, the three provinces were the highest government affairs institutions, and the governors of the three provinces were all prime ministers. The governor of Zhongshu Province is called Zhongshu Ling, and there are official positions such as Zhongshu Shilang and Zhongshu Sheren; The provincial governor under the door is called the servant, and there are the servant under the door, and the middle official position is given to the matter; The governor of Shangshu Province is Shangshu Ling, and there are official positions such as left and right servants.

Shangshu Province has six departments: the Ministry of Officials (in charge of the appointment, dismissal and assessment of officials, etc., equivalent to the current Organization Department), the Ministry of Household (in charge of land registration, taxation and finance, etc.), the Ministry of Rites (in charge of ceremonies, imperial examinations, schools, etc.), the Ministry of War (in charge of the military, equivalent to the current Ministry of National Defense), the Ministry of Criminal Justice (in charge of judicial prisons, equivalent to the current Ministry of Justice), and the Ministry of Industry (in charge of engineering construction, Tuntian water conservancy, etc.). The ministers are called Shangshu, and the deputy title is Shilang, and there are official positions such as Langzhong, Wailang, and Director.

The six-part system was implemented from the Sui and Tang dynasties and continued until the end of the Qing Dynasty.