Two questions about the death of Western metaphysics

1. First of all, the first question is that the death of Western metaphysics has a certain connection with the assumption of the reality and nature of the atom, but it is only for background reasons. The real reason lies in the fact that since the European Enlightenment in the Sixteenth World, the development of science, marked by reason, began to impinge on the speculative basis of traditional metaphysics. In particular, the empiricism is represented by the emphasis on experience as the original point of knowledge, and the metaphysical metaphysics is abandoned.

In modern times, Western philosophy has undergone an ontological and epistemological turn, represented by American pragmatism and European analytic philosophy and positivism, to the thinking of people's own life circumstances and personnel, and metaphysics has become a false representative, because it only exists in human consciousness, without the basis of reality to support, and has lost its historical status, that is, the so-called death. However, there are scholars in modern times who are still thinking about any reconstruction of metaphysics.

The view of Buddhism is correct as far as Buddhism is concerned, and does not represent the understanding of other schools and scholars. The Buddha, Shakyamuni, had made a decision on the questions "who am I" and "where did the universe come from", which is known in academic terms as "Wuji", that is, there is no way to solve these questions, because neither the positive answer nor the negative answer can be proven, and the debate will continue. The only thing that is certain is that these problems do not affect our nirvana or liberation, but if we cling to them, it will affect our spiritual return and dissipate our useless energy.

In this sense, Buddhism represents an understanding.

2. There is a certain tension between the human spirit and practice, that is, knowledge and practice will never be synchronized. The model constructed by theory can guide us to pursue and explore in the direction of reality, and at the same time provide the driving force for the development of theory and sustainable development. Science is not omnipotent, just as there are many phenomena that go unexplained and proven; The other interpretation is the interpretation of religion, but it can only do something in its own field, and cannot encroach on the territory of science.

In short, science and religion are theoretically incomprehensible to each other, although in real life we can make our own trade-offs between our approach to life.

The premise of science is hypothesis, in which the existence of matter is the most basic assumption of science, without which the system of science will collapse. Is it hypothetical in terms of the smallest form of matter? What are the consequences of whether this assumption is true?

These problems are only one branch of the vast system of science, and if this hypothesis can guide the needs of our practical practice, even if the hypothesis is as valid, and vice versa, the consequence is that the conclusion that relies on this hypothesis will be wrong, but it will not shake the foundation of the whole scientific system, because another more reasonable hypothesis will soon fill this gap, which is what science calls the trial-and-error method. Regardless of whether we humans are stacking blocks or not, it is certain that the building blocks that humans pile up have been theoretically assumed to be feasible before they are piled up, and even game humans will play so seriously.

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I don't know much about the specifics, but I make some fallacies.

One person argues that the death of philosophical metaphysics is not due to the fact that the atom is present and the assumption of nature does not hold. I don't feel like Buddhism has gone beyond that.

Who am I" and "where does the universe come from" are questions of definition from the perspective of the four dimensions of space and time. The path to solve the problem is wrong, just like drawing a knife and cutting off water, there is no solution. By definition, "what is" is not an illusion.

It's just that there's no solution. The reason for the lack of solution is that the framework of the definition itself is not fixed in the four-dimensional space.

2. After the building blocks are built out of the lion or aircraft carrier, it is not a stacking block.

In terms of materialism, I insist that Marxism is profound, while in ontological arguments, I feel that Hegel's rationalism is more profound, and rationalism is an ontology that agrees with Buddhism. That is to say, one is everything, everything is one, and this world is originally a piece of information and ideas.

People who don't understand philosophy often say that they don't know what Buddhism is.

Deconstructivism, also known as poststructuralism, is a type of postmodern thought. Postmodernism opposes rationalism and advocates fragmented knowledge and facts. Whereas metaphysics is rationalism, which holds that there is something universal, total. Deconstructivism is all about breaking this grand narrative.

Metaphysics, the English spelling corresponds to metaphysics. The word is a compound of meta- and physics.

In terms of word meaning, meta- is equivalent to [meta, fine, abstract、......It means the essence that has been concentrated. And physics is the science of physics.

If we insist on comparing it with Chinese culture, physics is equivalent to [art], and metaphysics is equivalent to condensed "Tao".

It can be seen from this that in the Western world, the tone of "metaphysics" does not have a derogatory meaning.

Another: In the Western world, Marxist philosophy is not mainstream, but as a tributary of Hegel.

What about Marx's attitude? It has the characteristics of [rejection and suppression].

Science also belongs to the category of metaphysics, so it is not obvious to say so.

The Western world has different views on metaphysics, and Marx's attitude is one of them!

Metaphysics is a philosophical noun that usually has two meanings:

1 refers to the study of extrasensory experiential philosophy outside the object;

2. It refers to the opposite dialectic, an isolated, static and one-sided way of thinking to see the world point. Marxist philosophy, which is usually used in the latter sense.

Metaphysics" of Rhodes, originally the name of the ancient Greek philosophy teacher Andros Nicous from Aristotle, means "physics". Aristotle is called the "first principle", "philosophy".

In the Chinese translation of "metaphysics" Tao Yi and "metaphysics", those of metaphysics are called "phrases."

Metaphysics is not directly available to detect problems through sound logical reasoning and analytical research. Metaphysics is the fundamental law of philosophy. Metaphysics is concerned with the central question, the theoretical and philosophical foundations of the premise, the causes that arise, the first causes, and the basic structures such as all the true meaning and purpose.

Another definition of metaphysics: due to an antipathy to dogmatic forms, rather than material inquiry. Hegel's metaphysical "dialectic" is not the key to a mechanical dogma, so that metaphysical dogmatism can also be expressed, isolated, or one-sided, to see the world from an isolated and one-sided perspective, believing that all things are eternally and isolated.

Fundamentally, Western metaphysics is consistent with Chinese metaphysics in meaning.

The original meaning of metaphysics in Western philosophy refers to the search for immutable and necessary laws in the changing world that transcends the tangible world, and is therefore pure rational speculation. After writing Physics, the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle wrote the book After Physics in order to illustrate more fundamental truths than physics, the core of which is to study those abstract concepts. Away from experience, Chinese translators have translated the title of the book as "metaphysics."

It can be seen that Chinese and Western metaphysical concepts have common characteristics.

Why, then, is the concept of metaphysics different in Marxist philosophy? Because the traditional philosophy of the West, that is, metaphysics, has developed into modern times, it has fallen into the irreconcilable contradiction between empiricism and rationalism, and the German classical philosophers represented by Kant and Hegel have criticized this rigid way of thinking. Hegel, in particular, believed that the traditional intellectual way of thinking had serious limitations and could not be used to discover truth, and that only the rational self, which understood the concept as self-movement and self-development, could discover the path of self-discovery, and that the truth of the Absolute Spirit could be revealed.

Marx inherited Hegel's dialectic, and the metaphysician became synonymous with those who knew only formal logic (approximately equal to intellect) and not content logic (i.e., dialectics).

Bai Zonghua is right to believe that Western metaphysics is a rational system whose purpose is to understand the basic structure of the world.

This is the question of the online class, and the answer is correct.

What is used to maintain the properties of the object? After the external properties of an object change, is it still the same object? What supports whether it is the same object, or is it already a different object?

How do people maintain their identity? Is it the same me today as I was yesterday, is it because the soul is the same or the body is the same? Or is there something else?

Causality. Is there a causal relationship to everything? Is it that the cause has already determined the effect?

Do people have free will? What is the first cause? Buddhism believes that all dharmas are born from causes and conditions, and there is no self-nature, so it is "empty"; Obviously, there is a great flaw in this theory, if it is said that dependent arising is void, and the effect comes from the cause, and the cause that constitutes this effect is formed by the antecedent cause, and so on, how does the first cause of all laws come about?

If there are still antecedents and antecedents, they are not the first causes; If there is no antecedent, it is the effect of no cause; The theory of dependent origin is not acceptable, but it is also paranoid to talk about it. Buddhism in Middle-earth has adopted a large number of Lao Zhuang Taoist theories; It is also due to the absorption of Confucianism and Taoism to enter the Buddha.

What is the origin of the world? What is it made of? Earth, water, fire, wind, and qi? Or atomic?

Can an object move from nothingness to existence and vice versa?

The significance of metaphysics in different contexts can be divided into two aspects: one refers to the study of the philosophical system of the non-objective or intangible world in a transcendental way of speculation, rather than the scientific study of the phenomena and laws of the real world; The other refers to the way of thinking that is opposed to dialectics and observes the world from an isolated, static point of view.

Metaphysics is a sub-discipline of philosophy. It is the study of existence. It is also proposed as the study of things outside of science, which are disembodied and unprovable.

The Marxist philosophical outlook holds that it is a way of thinking that is detached from practice and observes things from an "isolated and static point of view".

Marxist philosophy holds that looking at problems from a metaphysical point of view will inevitably lead to idealism, because the isolated, static, and one-sided viewpoint of metaphysics does not conform to objective reality, and then exaggerates the role of subjectivity.

1. It refers to philosophical theories that are fundamentally opposed to dialectics. Look at the world from an isolated, static and one-sided point of view, believing that everything in the world is isolated from each other and never changing. If there is a change, it is only an increase or decrease in quantity and a change in the place, not a qualitative change.

And the reason for this change is not inside the thing but outside the thing, that is, due to the push of an external force. Denying the internal contradictions of things is the driving force of development.

2. Refers to the philosophy of things that study extrasensory, super-experiential things (such as God, soul, freedom of will, etc.).

The meaning of metaphysics in different contexts is twofold:

Studying the philosophical system of the non-objective or intangible world in a transcendental way of speculation, rather than the scientific study of the phenomena and laws of the real world.

Contrary to dialectics, the way of thinking that observes the world from an isolated, static point of view.

The main questions of metaphysics include: what is the origin of the supernatural world, whether the soul exists, free will, etc. Metaphysics is a philosophical sub-discipline that is the study of existence.

The Marxist philosophical outlook holds that metaphysics is a way of thinking that is detached from practice and observes things from an "isolated and static point of view".

"Metaphysics", form, that is, appearance, refers to the part that we can grasp of physics, "metaphysics", that is, to study what is behind it through its appearance, that is, to go up a level above the appearance. The study of what is behind an object is metaphysics.

We can say a little more. Metaphysics can also be called essentialism, or ontology (the meaning of these concepts is slightly different, but it is enough to treat them as the same here). For example, if we say a pen, it is black, hard, plastic, these are not the essence of the pen, because we can see that some pens are white, soft, made of iron, and so on, if these "black, hard" are the essence of the pen, then when these things change, the pen will no longer be a pen, but this is not the case, therefore, we have to go through these phenomena to achieve an understanding of the essence of things, which is the problem that "metaphysics" hopes to solve.

At this point, I don't know if you have a concept of "metaphysics". Wherever you see the word, ancient Greek, Kant, Heidegger, it all means this, the quest for the essential. This is an eternal theme in the history of philosophy.

Metaphysics is a philosophical term.

The word "metaphysics" in European languages comes from Greek, and its form is similar in major Western languages, such as "metaphysics" in English, "la metaphysic" in French, "die metaphysik" in German, "la metafisica" in Italian, etc. The term was originally the name given to a work by Aristotle by Andronicus, a philosophy teacher on the island of Rhodes in ancient Greece, meaning "after physics."

Metaphysics is also called "First Philosophy", such as Descartes's Meditations on First Philosophy, also known as Metaphysical Meditations. Aristotle divided human knowledge into three parts, using the analogy of the tree: the first, the most basic part, that is, the root of the tree, is metaphysics, which is the foundation of all knowledge; The second part is physics, like the trunk of a tree; The third part is the other natural sciences, which are compared to the branches.

Metaphysical questions are often controversial and inconclusive. This is partly due to the fact that the accumulated data of empirical facts, which is the largest body of human knowledge, is usually incapable of resolving metaphysical disputes; The other part is that the metaphysicians often use confusing terms, and their arguments are therefore a bad debt that they hold on to but do not intersect. Twentieth-century logical positivists objected to certain metaphysical issues.

They think that certain metaphysical questions are meaningless in themselves.

In layman's terms, metaphysics has two meanings. One refers to looking at things from an isolated, static, one-sided, superficial point of view (in Marxist philosophy, the metaphysics of this meaning is opposed to dialectics). The second refers to the philosophy of judging things based on intuition (super-experience) alone.

It is also sometimes referred to as the study of the ontology of philosophy.

In modern times, with the strong spread of scientific reason in the humanities, traditional metaphysics has suffered an unprecedented blow. However, from the perspective of the historical process of the development of metaphysics, there are actually three forms of metaphysics: the ontology of the universe, the ontology of categories, and the ontology of meaning.

In fact, what scientific reason rejects is mainly based on speculative fiction of the ontology of the universe. In the post-metaphysical era, as far as the ontology of meaning is concerned, metaphysics has no end and will not end.

The Chinese translation of the name "metaphysics" is taken from the phrase "the metaphysical is the way, and the metaphysical is the instrument" in the I Ching. It is not only similar in the literal sense, but also in the practical sense, and belongs to the classic translation.

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