Comparison of Tang, Ming, and Qing foreign relations

Let me tell you more about it. The Tang Dynasty was actively opening up to the outside world. Japan often sent students and diplomats such as Tang envoys to the Tang Dynasty. Prosperity and prosperity.

The Ming Dynasty was relatively closed, except for the great Zheng He7 who went to the West and promoted the national prestige of the Ming Dynasty abroad, there were no other major exchanges, at most limited to small-scale exchanges.

The Qing Dynasty was even more closed, and in the early days it implemented a policy of banning the sea, only opening one or two docks to the outside world, and later directly implemented the policy of closing the country, and had to let the British use cannons to open his closed door. This led to a series of unequal treaties. China has also been reduced to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal state.

Foreign relations: The Tang Dynasty had relatively close foreign relations, followed by the Ming Dynasty, and the Qing Dynasty was not; Description: During the Tang Dynasty, it can be said that he was a powerful country in the world at that time, and had frequent exchanges with foreign countries, which decreased during the Ming Dynasty, and by the time of the Qing Dynasty, diplomacy was in the final period, because the rulers at that time pursued a policy of closing the country to the outside world.

The Tang Dynasty actively opened up to the outside world and frequently opened to the outside world, so the Chinese are still called now"Don people".

The Ming Dynasty already had a tendency to be closed, coupled with the unreasonable rule of the state, and gradually declined.

The Qing Dynasty's policy of seclusion and seclusion was mainly reflected in the strict restrictions on **, and the Qing rulers were arrogant and ignored the creation of the British Industrial Revolution, and as a result, they were invaded.

Since then, he has turned to modern Chinese history.

1. Since the 16th century, European colonists began to invade China, in 1553 the Portuguese colonists occupied Macao, in 1624 the Dutch colonists invaded Taiwan, in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, Tsarist Russia invaded the Heilongjiang Valley, in addition to Japanese merchants, samurai, pirates also harassed the southeast coast of China.

2. The Chinese began the struggle against colonialism and aggression, Qi Jiguang cleared the southeast coast of the Wukou, Zheng successfully defeated the Dutch colonists to recover Taiwan, and the Kangxi Emperor stopped the expansion of Tsarist Russia in the Heilongjiang Valley.

3. China began to introduce and introduce Western scientific knowledge, and Xu Guangqi translated Western scientific works and introduced European water conservancy methods.

4. The Qing Dynasty implemented a closed policy and banned Chinese and foreign economic and cultural exchanges, which hindered economic and cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries.

In the Tang Dynasty, Taizong of the Tang Dynasty implemented an open-door policy.

Both the Ming and Tang dynasties pursued a tributary system, but the foreign policy of the Ming Dynasty, except for the period when Zheng He went to the West, was more closed than that of the Tang Dynasty.

The Sui and Tang dynasties opened up to the outside world and exchanged cultures with each other. The Ming Dynasty continued to open up, but it tightened its foreign policy and had close contacts with Asian countries. In the late Ming Dynasty, there were internal and external troubles, and there was no contact with other countries.

In the early Qing Dynasty, the country was closed to the outside world, and it became more and more serious in the middle and late Qing Dynasty, resisting foreign investment and not engaging in cultural exchanges with foreign countries, resulting in backwardness. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, feudalism went to the extreme, the country was forced to open, enemy countries from all directions attacked, China was completely backward, and it was humiliated by foreign countries. [Pure handmade.

Seeking adoption].

The Sui, Tang and Ming dynasties implemented a policy of opening up to the outside world, the early Qing Dynasty (before 1840) implemented a policy of closing the country to the outside world, and the late Qing Dynasty was a humiliating diplomacy.

The main characteristics of Sino-foreign relations before the Ming Dynasty were:

Before the Ming Dynasty, Chinese civilization was always in the leading position in the world, and the Sui Dynasty completed the overall pattern of the "Chinese cultural circle", and China became the center of economic and cultural exchanges between neighboring countries and even Asia.

In Sino-foreign relations, the Han, Tang, Song, and Yuan dynasties basically adopted a policy of opening up to the outside world.

Sino-foreign relations include both official envoys and people-to-people exchanges; There is also a great deal of exchange and cultural exchange.

During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the trend in foreign relations was from openness to seclusion.

Reasons for this trend:

The internal cause was the gradual decline and decay of China's feudal social system during the Ming and Qing dynasties.

The external cause was the invasion of the southeast coast of China and the colonial expansion of the Western colonists to the east.

Consequences of this trend:

The policy of seclusion hindered the development of the domestic commodity economy and the budding development of capitalism. It has hindered economic and cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries, detached China from the trend of world development, lagged behind the West, and further suffered from Western colonial aggression.

This question examines the characteristics of Sino-foreign relations, with a large time span, a wide range of content, and high ability requirements, aiming to test students' ability to analyze and summarize problems, and the answer to this question should be considered from the general trend, not limited to a certain dynasty or period, and the second and third questions can be answered by using the views in the "Tips" of this topic, starting from the economic foundation of the Ming and Qing dynasties in China.

Correct answer b

During the Ming and Qing dynasties, foreign relations were characterized by the transition from openness to self-seclusion and resistance to foreign aggression1 and foreign economic and cultural exchanges.

The frequent flow mainly refers to Zheng He's voyage to the West in the Ming Dynasty.

2 and 3 refer to the conflict between China and foreign countries during the Ming and Qing dynasties, Qi Jiguang's resistance to the Japanese, and Zheng Chenggong's recovery of Taiwan.

However, in the title, it is forbidden to absolutely outside**, and prohibition means complete banning, and it should be changed to strictly restrict external**.

Compatible and open, this one is very simple, just look at the history books to find it.

Just learned, the Tang Dynasty opened to the outside world, the main features.

1. The scope of communication is wide and continuous. During the Sui and Tang dynasties, the countries that had foreign exchanges were distributed in East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, and West Asia, and Europe and Africa also had exchanges. The scope is wide, and the history is rare.

Moreover, these exchanges have not been interrupted by civil strife in China, and there is a clear continuity. For example, Japan sent envoys to the Tang Dynasty thirteen times in a row.

2. Comprehensive communication field. It involves all aspects of politics, economy, culture, religion and so on.

3. There are many communication channels. There are official diplomatic exchanges, public and private study abroad, inter-state and non-governmental **, the spread of Buddhism, etc. Mainly linked by ** and Buddhism.

4. The content of the communication is obviously different. What China has transmitted to China is mainly the system, culture, production technology, etc., which has promoted the historical development and social progress of various countries. The foreign imports were mainly native products, species, and arts, which enriched the social life of the Tang Dynasty.

5. In the process of communication, the Chinese cultural circle is formed. The Tang Dynasty became the center of economic and cultural exchanges among neighboring countries and made great contributions to the development of world civilization.

Reason: The Tang Dynasty was a world leader in terms of economy and culture. It has the basic conditions for the development of foreign exchanges, and has also attracted people from all over the world to come to study and learn.

The Tang Dynasty opened up sea and land communication lines in all directions, which facilitated the development of foreign relations;

The Tang Dynasty had a vast territory and harmonious ethnic relations, which was conducive to promoting foreign exchanges;

The rulers of the Tang Dynasty adopted an open-minded attitude towards foreign cultures, were eclectic, humble in learning, and respected the customs and religious beliefs of foreigners.

Role: The development of foreign relations in the Tang Dynasty made the political, economic and cultural influence of the Tang Dynasty in the world, and promoted the progress of civilization in Asia and even the world; At the same time, through foreign exchanges, the Tang Dynasty learned the most advanced cultural science and technology in the world at that time, which further promoted the economic and cultural prosperity of the Tang Dynasty and enriched the economic and cultural life of the people. , and the Qing Dynasty, closed off the country policy:

The sea is forbidden, and the country is closed.

Key features: Resting on our laurels.

Positive Impact: Resists foreign invasion to a certain extent, I hope it can help you.

First, China's political and economic development is uneven.

1) Due to the uneven economic development of modern China, there was no unified capitalist economy, and self-sufficient local agricultural economies were widespread, which provided the necessary material conditions for the existence of the red regime;

2) Due to the uneven political development of modern China, the vast countryside was the weak link of reactionary rule, and the peasants were the main force of the revolution, which in turn gave the red regime a deep class foundation; Due to the indirect domination of several imperialist countries and the struggle between them, the situation of warlord division and continuous warlord melee has been created, which in turn has allowed the red regime to obtain a gap in its existence and development;

3) Since China is a large country, the revolutionary forces have wide room for manoeuvre.

Second, a good mass foundation is an indispensable objective condition for the existence and development of the red regime.

Third, the revolutionary situation of forward development is an important objective condition for the existence and development of the red regime in China.

Fourth, the existence of a full-fledged Red Army of considerable strength was a necessary subjective condition for the existence and development of the Red regime.

Fifth, the correct leadership of the Communist Party is the key subjective condition for the existence and development of the red regime.