On the ancient heavy agriculture and suppression of commerce and commercial development

Emphasizing agriculture and suppressing commerce and developing agriculture promoted the development of handicrafts and commerce. With the continuous development of commerce, during the Song and Song dynasties, merchants broke the boundaries between the city and the city and the restrictions of business hours, please note that the main body here was the merchants, not the government. The Song government's performance was that it no longer strictly regulated trading activities.

However, these changes did not contradict the emphasis on agriculture and the suppression of commerce, and the development of commerce in the Song Dynasty was only a positive result of the emphasis on agriculture and the suppression of commerce. Agriculture and business are inseparable, farmers rely on agriculture to realize the cycle of small-scale peasant economy, and businessmen rely on agriculture to create a stable and prosperous business environment.

The government was only a catalyst here, and it needed the value created by the peasants and merchants to realize the worship of the imperial court and the consolidation of feudal rule.

Please note that the implementation of the policy of "valuing agriculture and suppressing commerce" in a dynasty does not mean that there is only one means of governing the country during this period, it is only a guiding ideology and a general framework, but the real implementation is very flexible and depends on the situation.

Huhu has said so much, I sincerely admire myself, hehe

That was the need of the imperial power, and it had nothing to do with policy... The needs of the Emperor determine everything ...

This at my current level, first of all, think about it, the Song Dynasty broke the restrictions of the city and the fang, its purpose is not to develop commerce, in order to facilitate the people's **, and ancient China has always followed the heavy agriculture and suppression of commerce in order to consolidate feudal rule, the feudal traditional concept has always believed that agriculture is the end of commerce, and commercial development will inevitably lead to a shortage of agricultural labor, and the city and the fang of the Song Dynasty and the heavy agriculture and the suppression of business are not the same purpose (purely my own point of view).

In the Song Dynasty, the budding capitalism developed rapidly. The economy determines the political culture, and in the face of the growing burgher class, in order to consolidate the rule of the dynasty, the management of the city was relaxed. On the other hand, in the Song Dynasty, even if you were a merchant, your status was still very low, and the taxes were severe.

To a certain extent, this shows that in the Song Dynasty, the policy of emphasizing agriculture and suppressing commerce was still implemented I hope my answer can be helpful to you.

In order to strengthen the imperial power, the early Song Dynasty caused redundant officials, redundant soldiers, and redundant expenses. In order to increase the revenue of the state treasury, the emphasis on agriculture and the suppression of business were relaxed. This allows the country to obtain more tax revenue.

The so-called "valuing agriculture and suppressing businessmen" refers to restricting the number of businessmen by adopting policies and measures that belittle and suppress the political and social status of businessmen. The aim is to prevent a large number of peasants from abandoning agriculture and to engage in business, and to protect the priority development status of agriculture. The policy of emphasizing agriculture and suppressing commerce was first produced in the Warring States Period, and Li Kui reflected it in the reform content of the Wei State, and then Shang Ying clearly put forward the policy of emphasizing agriculture and suppressing commerce for the first time in the reform of the Qin State, and put it into practice as the basic content of the policy of vigorously promoting agricultural warfare.

Since then, successive Chinese rulers have taken it as a model for governing the country.

From the late Spring and Autumn Period to the Warring States Period, China was a period when the commodity economy and the monetary economy that complemented it began to develop in large quantities, especially the development of commerce. It was during this period that the entire social economy, from the mode of production to social relations, underwent tremendous changes. The first is the pattern of land tenure and the basic relations of exploitation, which have undergone revolutionary changes, including the destruction of the well-field system and the establishment of the system of private ownership of land.

All these changes and the serious consequences caused by these changes have directly shaken the foundation on which the feudal system depends, and in particular, they have directly threatened the survival of the feudal ruling class, and the fierce and rapid changes themselves have made the feudal rulers feel panicked. In order to consolidate their dominant position, they had to seriously consider countermeasures and take necessary measures to try to eliminate the root causes of the turmoil once and for all, to plug the raging tide that was in the process of collapse, and to restore stability to the disrupted feudal order. The anti-business policy was put forward by the feudal ruling class after recognizing the source of the disaster and adapting to the supreme interests of the ruling class.

To put it simply, suppressing business is an attempt to fundamentally eliminate the root cause of change. Even if it is not possible to completely eliminate merchants and commerce and return society to the static state it had before the change, at least through the implementation of anti-merchant policies to limit the activities of merchants and commercial capital and to narrow the scope of commercial operations, so as to minimize their negative effects and the social unrest they cause. Since the development of commerce will inevitably lead to capitalist factors, which will inevitably shake the ruling foundation of the ruling class, the feudal ruling class's policy of emphasizing agriculture and suppressing commerce has begun to emerge.

Pros: 1) In the early days of feudal society, the policy of emphasizing agriculture and suppressing commerce played a positive role in the development of agriculture and social economy at that time, and in the consolidation of the power of the emerging landlord class. It can be illustrated by the Shang martingale transformation method:

The Shang Dynasty actively promoted the policy of agricultural warfare, adopted various means to implement the policy of emphasizing agriculture and suppressing commerce, and encouraged the development of agricultural production, which promoted the continuous enhancement of Qin's economic strength and laid a material foundation for Qin Shi Huang's unification of the six countries.

2) It ensured the agricultural labor force and promoted the development of agricultural production, and (3) it was conducive to stabilizing the feudal ruling order and consolidating feudal rule.

Disadvantages: 1. The policy of "valuing agriculture and suppressing business" also led to the continuous annexation of land by landlords and bureaucrats, resulting in a high degree of land concentration, and the peasants went bankrupt and went into exile, which affected the development of agricultural production, intensified class contradictions, and caused peasant uprisings to break out continuously. The landlord bureaucracy was also further corrupted by the frenzied annexation of land.

2. The Qing Dynasty continued to implement the policy of heavy agriculture and suppressed business, set up many checkpoints in the country, imposed heavy taxes on past commodities, restricted the scale of handicraft production, and banned overseas goods, all of which seriously hindered the development of the commodity economy. However, under the policy of emphasizing agriculture and suppressing commerce, the money exploited by merchants was often used to buy land and land, which also directly affected the expansion and reproduction of handicrafts, making the budding development of capitalism in China very slow and difficult.

Before the Spring and Autumn Period, although the land was also privately owned, it was the land of the slave owners, the serfs had no personal freedom, nor did they have the right to use and own the land, and most of the country's production, living and consumption resources were all in the hands of the slave owners and nobles, whether it was the inheritance of land, the sale of land, and even the exchange of various production commodities, all within the scope of the aristocracy, so the land annexation on the whole did not bring much crisis to the society, but only had a positive and important survival significance for some of the nobles.

After the establishment of feudal private ownership of land, the owners of the land can be both bureaucrats and aristocrats, but also landlords and peasants, compared with the peasants, the other three have more social resources to use, for the annexation of land, there will also be various methods and methods, and the peasants are no longer like serfs, completely vassals of the land, there is no possibility and reality of losing and obtaining land, but once the peasants lose their land, they can only embark on an extremely dangerous road, which will lead to social turmoil.

From the perspective of the natural environment, China has always been a country with a vast territory and many plains. Great importance is attached to the production of agriculture. In this case, our demand for business is not as strong as that of the Greek and Roman residents in the West, because they are more likely to exchange the necessities of life through commerce, and we do not have this very clear sense of urgency in life, so the emphasis on agriculture and the suppression of business also have their own social rationality in terms of environmental impact and social development.

It is precisely because of the social rationality under this traditional system that China has not been able to enter the embryonic era of capitalism, except for the Song Dynasty, all feudal dynasties have reached more than 90% of the total economic structure, and the tax is almost 100%, business can not be completely independent from the social system to become a major pillar, the spirit of contract, business culture and innovation consciousness can not follow. In the competition of modern times, it has become our biggest historical burden.

1. Reasons: 1. The policy of valuing agriculture and suppressing commerce has always been by no means accidental, but the inevitable product of the feudal natural economy.

In the final analysis, what kind of economic policy a country or regime pursues is determined by its economic base and the interests of the ruling class.

The economic basis of China's feudal society is a self-sufficient natural economy, for people to own land can extract huge wealth, and land rent income is relatively stable, is the best means to make a fortune; At the same time, as far as the feudal country is concerned, the development of agriculture can enable the people to live and work in peace and contentment, the people can prosper, and the granary of the state treasury will be full, so that there will be no food shortage and turmoil at home, and there will be no worries about intrusion outside.

As a result, successive rulers regarded the development of agriculture as the "foundation of the country" and suppressed commerce (and sometimes handicrafts) as the "last industry".

2. In the eyes of the feudal emperors, on the one hand, the private industrial and commercial owners exploited the peasants through commodity exchange and usury, and on the other hand, the rich returns on commercial activities attracted a considerable number of peasants to "abandon their roots and move towards the end", thus greatly weakening the ruling foundation of the dynasty.

2. Introduction: In more than 2,000 years of feudal history, the concept of "agriculture and commerce" is the main tone of traditional Chinese economic thought, and the political policy of "emphasizing agriculture and suppressing business" is the basic policy of ancient rulers.

Since the Warring States period formed the policy of "rewarding ploughing wars" and "suppressing merchants", after the Qin and Han dynasties, "emphasizing agriculture and suppressing business" and "respecting the original and suppressing the end" gradually became national policies, to the "monopoly" law of the Song and Yuan dynasties, and even the "sea ban" of the Ming and Qing dynasties, all of which are manifestations of the policy of emphasizing agriculture and suppressing business.

The policies of emphasizing agriculture and suppressing business" and "agriculture and commerce at the end of the business" have deeply restricted and influenced China's history.

The specific expression of the policy of "emphasizing agriculture and suppressing commerce" in different historical periods in ancient China The content of the law was inevitably determined by the economic form, and when the concept of "agriculture and commerce at the end of the business" was embraced by the rulers, the law of suppressing commerce as the embodiment of the will and interests of the ruling class came into being.

Agriculture is the foundation of the country. The most popular sentence is "the people take food as the sky", no matter how long it is, "eating" is the first in terms of people's livelihood. Whether a country has enough food is a major matter that has a bearing on social stability.

The economic basis of China's feudal society is a self-sufficient natural economy, for people to own land can extract huge wealth, and land rent income is relatively stable, is the best means to make a fortune;

Reasons for emphasizing agriculture and suppressing business:

Agricultural production was the foundation of the country, coupled with the low productivity at that time.

Qin, Shang Dynasty reform of the law first advocated the policy of "heavy agriculture and suppression of business", the people are divided into four levels, that is, the so-called scholars, farmers, industry, and merchants "four people", scholars are the most expensive, agriculture is second, industry and commerce are second, this kind of thinking has been used by all dynasties, the feudal dynasties, especially the newly established dynasties, have emphasized the importance of agriculture, emphasizing "agriculture-oriented", and deeply rooted in the people's thoughts.

All subsequent rulers inherited the policy of pro-agriculture and suppression of commerce, with the aim of protecting agricultural production and the small-scale peasant economy, ensuring the conscription of service and rent, and consolidating feudal rule.

In the final analysis, the adoption of such measures by successive dynasties is determined by their economic foundation. The basis of the economy of the feudal state was a self-sufficient natural economy, and the main sector of this economy was agriculture. Agriculture was the decisive sector of production in ancient times, and the state of agricultural production was directly related to the rise and fall of the country.

The fundamental reason lies in China's special economic and geographical conditions. Unlike Europe, which faces the sea, China is a large landlocked country with a vast territory and fertile land, and it is relatively easy to obtain daily necessities through agriculture. In ancient times, China was geographically isolated and poorly known to the outside world due to its relatively backward technology, and its abundant land and resources prevented its ancestors from engaging in commercial activities.

<>Of course, if this is the only point in ancient China, it will be meaningless, after all, after the Han and Tang dynasties, China has established relations with many foreign countries, and the people of Chinese will not fail to see the money that these countries have earned through **. In fact, there were many merchants engaged in commercial activities during the Shang Dynasty, which is also the origin of the name "merchant". In ancient times, the conditions for scientific and technological production were limited, because "urgently needed" food has always been extremely precious.

Money has changed again and again. There are iron coins, copper coins, silver coins, and tin coins, which are units. Shoichi 900 stone rice per year, from sake 50 stone rice per year.

This level of wages has also become a mockery of the "low wages of the Ming Dynasty" in history. But really? According to the records of the Ming Dynasty, the grain yield per mu in the Ming Dynasty increased by nearly 50% compared with that in the Song Dynasty.

The highest yield of rice per mu is 3 to 4 st, and the average is about 2 st. After taking into account the cost of seeds and fertilizers, etc., how many acres of land is needed for "50 cubic meters per year"? In the early years of the Ming Dynasty, the "salary level" of Jiupin officials was at least equivalent to the net income of small and medium-sized landlord families in Jiangnan for a year.

Don't complain about the low price, ancient food was too expensive.

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