What do you think best reflects the characteristics of medieval feudalism in Europe?

The feudal manor system in Europe, of course.

European aristocrats, especially the second sons of the nobles, except for the eldest son, had to go to war. Just like now, the nobles spent the taxpayers' money, but if there was also a war, the nobles would be the first to step up and go to war. Therefore, those taxpayers were willing to give a small portion of their harvest and the fruits of their hard work to the nobility.

The foundations of the formation of feudalism in medieval Western Europe can be traced back to the late Roman Empire and the period of mass migration of nomadic peoples. During this period, the Roman Empire collapsed, the political and economic order of the European continent collapsed, and the large-scale migration of nomads also led to the mass movement of European populations and the redistribution of land.

In this context, peasants and freedmen gradually sought protection from the wealthy and high-ranking aristocracy, and offered agricultural labor and taxes in exchange for security. In order to maintain their status and power, the aristocracy began to gradually form their own armed forces, fought and negotiated with other nobles, and established a relatively stable political order.

Over time, the aristocracy began to consolidate their power and position by controlling the land and the army, and gradually developed a feudal system. At the heart of this system was the "feudal contract", in which the nobility provided protection and services to lords of all ranks through land and armies, and received fiefs, armies, and other resources from them. This contract is not only an exchange of land and resources, but also a mutually beneficial relationship through which political and social order is established and maintained.

Thus, the basis of the feudal system in medieval Western Europe can be summarized in three aspects: first, the background of political and economic chaos in the late Roman Empire and the period of mass migration of nomads; Second, the aristocracy gradually formed its own armed forces and established a relatively stable political order in this context; The third is that the aristocracy consolidated their power and status by controlling the land and the army, and gradually developed a feudal system.

The feudal system of medieval Western Europe was based on an agrarian economy and a system of lordship. At the beginning of the Middle Ages, with the decline of the Roman Empire and the invasion of nomads, agricultural production gradually declined, the urban economy declined, and the social order was chaotic. In order to ensure their own security and productivity, the peasants had to ceded land to local nobles or lords in exchange for protection and tenure.

The lords, on the other hand, controlled the population and resources on the basis of land transferors, and established a feudal system of rule.

Western Europe. In this system, the lord had the title to the land, and the peasants were required to pay taxes or labor to the lord as a "price" for the use of the land. The lord could have a private army, the right to exercise jurisdiction within his domain, and he could also levy additional taxes on the peasants.

A complex hierarchy was formed among the lords, each with its own rights and obligations, from the knights at the bottom to the king Zheng Ji at the top. The status of the peasants was the lowest, they could not leave the land of the lord at will, did not have property and political rights, and were bound to the rule of the lord.

The formation of the feudal system stabilized the social order in Western Europe to a certain extent in the Middle Ages, but it also brought about the solidification of social classes and the poverty of the peasantry. At the same time, the lords were constantly in conflict over land and rights, until the feudal system was gradually abolished in the process of modernization.

The feudal system of medieval Western Europe was formed on the basis of the ecclesiastical, royal and aristocratic property systems.

1. Church: The church occupies a dominant position in political and social life, and the people's worship and belief in the church play an important role in the formation of the feudal system.

2. Royal power: The strong royal power and the strong control of the royal family in politics, military and economy promoted the formation of the feudal system in Western Europe in the Middle Ages.

3. Aristocratic property system: There is a kind of aristocratic property system in feudal society, which promotes the formation of the feudal system in Western Europe in the middle of the silver century.

Economic: The manor owner has the power of administrative, judicial, taxation and other powers, and generally collects labor rent, and the manor owner realizes his privileges by exploiting the serfs.

Taxation and other means to control people, theocracy and secular power combined, on the one hand: theocracy and clerical power support each other; On the other hand: the theocracy and the clergy fight each other, compete for power, and both try to control each other for their own interests.

Ideological and cultural aspects: people's minds were profoundly influenced by feudal theology, controlled by theology, most of the literary works were in the genre of theology, the development of science and technology was hindered, and in addition, the feudal guild cities of Western Europe developed in the late Middle Ages, which played a dual role in economic and social life.