What were the developments of Confucianism during the Warring States period? 5

Gradually, some elements of pragmatism were produced, focusing on the real society.

For example, Xunzi thought became the prototype of later Legalist doctrine.

1. Confucius and his ideological proposition: Confucius, a native of the late Spring and Autumn Period, was the founder of Confucianism, laid the foundation for the formation of Confucianism, and was called a sage by later generations; Its ideological propositions are: The core of the idea is benevolence, "love others", "refrain from retribution", and "do not do to others what you do not want".

He advocates "politics and morality" and "love people with frugality". His ideas of "benevolence" and "government and morality" include people-oriented thoughts. The educational ideology is relatively progressive, advocating "education without class", vigorously establishing private schools, and sorting out the Six Classics.

2. Mencius, a native of the middle of the Warring States period, his main ideas are: known as "Yasheng"; The ideological propositions are: the idea of "benevolence" is developed into "benevolent government", advocating that "if you do not govern the world with benevolence, you cannot rule the world peacefully", "govern benevolently with the people, save punishments, and collect taxes with thin taxes"; He put forward the people-oriented idea of "the people are noble and the monarch is light", and believed that the people and the country are more important than the monarch.

He put forward the ethical concept of "sexual goodness".

3. Xunzi, a native of the late Warring States Period, advocated benevolence and righteousness, "royal road", and "convincing people with virtue"; put forward the people-oriented idea of "Junzhou and Minshui"; put forward the ethics of "sexual evil"; Advocate for the rule of law. Xunzi contribution:

He reformed Confucianism and integrated the positive and rational elements of Legalism and Taoism, so that Confucianism could better meet the needs of social development. During the Warring States Period, Confucianism was developed by Meng Xun and became a great sect among the hundreds of sons.

The culmination of Confucianism during the Warring States period was Xunzi.

Xunzi Profile: Xunzi has been the head of the Jixia School Palace three times, and is the most famous scholar in the Warring States Period and the master of Confucianism.

Xunzi is a native of Zhao at the end of the Warring States Period. Xunzi was born in the Three Jin Dynasty, where there were many Legalists, but his heart was towards Confucianism. It is precisely because of his birth in the Three Jin Dynasty that Xunzi's Confucianism has an unusual color of the rule of law, and he also sees the evil of people's hearts.

Xunzi's point of view: Xunzi put forward the theory of sexual evil, believing that it is human nature to pursue advantages and avoid disadvantages, and to pursue pleasure, and only through acquired efforts can people be made good. Because of this, etiquette is needed to teach the people, and laws are needed to restrain the people. Human beings are not as powerful as beasts, but they are better than beasts because they are able to distinguish their duties and cooperate with each other through rituals.

The culmination of Confucianism during the Warring States period was Xunzi. During the Warring States Period, Xunzi established a huge and systematic ideological system on the basis of summarizing the research results of various schools.

His thoughts are a mixture of hundreds of schools, which are not completely consistent with Confucius and Mencius thoughts, and have not been valued by orthodox Confucianism for a long time, but he is the culmination of a hundred schools of thought during the Warring States Period.

Xunzi summarized the theoretical achievements of a hundred schools of thought and his own academic thoughts, and founded a complete philosophical system of naïve materialism in the pre-Qin period, and his ideas imperceptibly influenced the development of feudal society for more than 2,000 years.

In Xunzi's view, heaven is nature, and there is no reason, will, good and evil. Heaven is a natural heaven, not a personal God. He called the subtle functions such as yin and yang, wind and rain, gods, and the natural world composed of these functions heaven.

The creation of the universe is not created by God, but is the result of the movement of all things themselves.

Dong Zhongshu, a Confucian scholar in the Han Dynasty, blended the ideas of Taoism and the Five Elements of Yin and Yang into Confucianism, and transformed them into a neo-Confucian system with the characteristics of the times.

1. In response to the need for centralization, put forward the propositions of "unification of the Spring and Autumn Period" and "dethrone the hundred schools of thought, and respect Confucianism in a single paragraph".

2. In view of the need to strengthen the monarchy's power, he preached the "divine authority of the monarch", and put forward the theories of "the unity of heaven and man" and "the induction of heaven and man".

3. In view of the standard of living in the world, the "three outlines and five constants" are proposed. As a result, education was monopolized by Confucianism, and the status of Confucianism was greatly improved.

Confucianism has gradually become the mainstream of traditional Chinese thought, occupying the mainstream ideological position in ancient Chinese traditional thought for 2,000 years.

The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period were the period of formation and development of Confucianism.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the slave society collapsed, and the feudal society gradually took shape. And this specific historical background created the first period of great ideological emancipation in the history of our country. With the disintegration of the Western Zhou Dynasty and the collapse of slavery, the spokesmen of various classes and thinkers of various schools put forward their own political ideas and academic views, arguing with each other and influencing each other.

The far-reaching Confucianism also arose during this period.