A logical error that imposes causality, a logical error that is ignored is mutual causation

Among the common fallacies of argument validity analysis writing, there is a causal relationship.

There are two related fallacies, which are imposing causality and single cause.

One. Imposing cause and effect:

1.Definition: The imposition of a causal relationship between things that have no causal relationship per se.

2.Identifying features:

See if the causal relationship is true in the stem.

3.Analysis Takeaways:

This result is due to other reasons and is not directly related to the previously given reasons.

4.Writing Template:

Argumentators put ......Attribution.

Yu ......This attribution is too far-fetched. Leads to ......The real reason for this is most likely ......, and with ......There is no direct relationship. Therefore, it is difficult to draw ......Conclusion.

Example] Xiao Wang and Xiao Ming went out to play together, Xiao Wang's mobile phone was stolen, he said angrily: "Hmph, I knew that with you, it must be no good, and I was unlucky to die." ”

Analyze the fallacies that exist in it.

Zhonggong. Analysis] The argumentator attributed the theft of the mobile phone to being with Xiao Ming, which is too far-fetched. The real reason for the mobile phone is likely to be rampant thieves and Xiao Wang not putting the mobile phone away, etc., and it has nothing to do with Xiao Ming.

Therefore, it is difficult to conclude that He Xiao Ming caused the phone to be stolen.

Two. Single-cause. 1.Definitions:

Simply attribute the multiple causes of a certain outcome to one or the other.

2.Identifying features:

A causal relationship arises, but the reasons for this result are manifold.

3.Analysis Takeaways:

In addition to this factor, there are other reasons, such as ......

4: Writing Template:

Argumentators put ......Attributed to ......This attribution is an oversimplification. Cause ......The reasons for this outcome are manifold, in addition to ......There may be other reasons, such as ......Therefore, only ...... consideredLeads to ......is debatable.

Example] Xiao Wang has a toothache, and his friend Xiao Ming is concerned: "Have you gone to the doctor, what is the cause of your toothache?" Xiao Wang: "You don't need to see a doctor, this is a toothache caused by inflammation on the fire, and it will be fine in a few days." ”

Analyze the fallacies that exist in it.

Zhonggong analysis] The argumentator attributes the toothache to inflammation on the fire, which is too simplistic. There are many reasons for toothache, but there may be other causes besides inflammation, such as tooth decay and tooth enamel.

Severe abrasion, trigeminal neuralgia.

Wait. Therefore, it is debatable to think that inflammation on the fire causes toothache.

Regarding the imposition of cause and effect and single cause, we should pay attention to the difference between the two, the reason given in the imposition of cause and effect stem is not the cause that leads to a certain result, and the single cause is the cause given in the stem that causes a certain effect, but the stem mistakenly thinks that it is the cause.

People have a natural preference for order. Therefore, we pay attention to the order of writing when writing articles, pay attention to organization when describing a thing, and like to do things step by step.

Sometimes, however, it is precisely this preference that leads us into cognitive misunderstandings.

It was raining and the ground was wet. The rain is the cause, and the wet ground is the effect. But is it the other way around?

It's raining because the ground is wet, right?

Science tells us that both the rain in the sky and the water on the ground are part of the natural water cycle. Water on the ground evaporates into water vapor, which is transported by the atmosphere to other places, turns into rainwater, and then falls to the ground. In this way, the wet ground is the cause of the rain in the sky.

In fact, this is mutual cause and effect. For example, there is a mutual cause and effect between the teacher's serious teaching and the student's good academic performance, so there is a saying that teaching is mutually beneficial.

Order has a powerful persuasive power. For example, the cause-process-effect of an event is a chain of order. But does the outcome of the event reinforce the cause of the event?

Therefore, when we express it, we must pay attention to the phenomenon of mutual cause and effect to avoid logical errors.

It's a bit messy and I haven't understood it thoroughly. After coming down, I'm working harder.

There are many people who are afraid of making mistakes, thinking that life is an infinite number of repetitions of the superposition of the right things!

Unfortunately, most people make mistakes on a regular basis! The handling of right and wrong is not the same, resulting in an endless continuation of the reincarnation body! called, the collar is not clear!

Making mistakes is a kind of cause, regardless of whether there is a heart or not, and the cause will inevitably fall into reincarnation, and the existence of the effect will be followed! No matter what, if it is delayed, the melon will ripen and fall, and what will be planted will naturally be presented in various forms!

The smart way is to endure, not to pile up, right and wrong, change is important, bear is the real chapter! If you can't bear cause and effect, you can't walk in the world, you can only sit in the temple and become a bodhisattva! Put the fear down!

Most people are determined that they can't become Buddhas, and they can't have six eyes and three links, so they decide that they will inevitably make mistakes, and mistakes are what most people need to face and bear! If you can't, cover it up, and you may be able to cultivate, and greater results will appear, which is a Buddhist logic! [nose picking].

There are many people who can't understand it, and the immortals can make do with the part, so they can solve it, Buddhist scriptures! [covers face].

That's right, that's also the sincerity that I figured out! [nose picking].

When faced with a matter, are you interested in telling Zhihan to do it, or are you interested because you have done it?

Interest is just a motivator for us to do things, but it's not enough for us to keep going.

For example, because a person is interested in the piano, she goes to register for piano lessons, and when he finds that piano lessons are so difficult to learn, he may choose to give up in the face of difficulties.

In the same way, when a person inadvertently touches on a certain field and does a good job in that field, then he will smile at the sense of accomplishment that comes from excellent results and push him to continue to persevere and keep improving.

So here there is a logical relationship of cause and effect inversion.

So what is the reason for insisting on doing one thing for a long time without being interested.

The answer is: survival and rigid needs.

For example, if we insist on working all year round, are we interested in our work?

There is such a probability, but not much. After all, who wants to run around if they can win by lying down.

We get up early and work late to learn a skill, do we particularly like it?

Not necessarily, it is likely that it is necessary for work.

Therefore, interest is only part of the motivation, survival and rigid needs are the whole of motivation.

Humans love reason. If you can't determine the reason, you will fall into an unknowable confusion. For example, our ancient ancestors, when they saw the leaves shaking, of course they didn't know the origin of the wind, so they found a so-called reason, and God created the wind.

The search for reason, or cause, is a part of our human nature, a tendency. Doing so will indeed have the benefit of making us humans smarter and wiser.

We make a lot of strange mistakes when we are looking for a cause, or establishing a causal relationship. In order to better trace the real reason, let's take a look at the reverse side of what mistakes we make.

For example, we can make the fallacy of post-facto attribution, treating priority as causality, inverting cause and effect, oversimplifying cause, mistaking correlation for causation, and so on.

In the search for true cause and effect, we can ask ourselves a few questions:

Is A the reason for B? Is A the only reason for B? Is A the most important reason for B? Will ab be mutually causal? Can this causality be double-blindly tested? This causal relationship is not a self-fulfilling prophecy, is it?

Spend half a year to a year deliberately training to identify the cause and effect of every thought in your mind. You will become a smart person with super discernment ability, careful thinking, and clear logic.

Amitabha! Yes, Senior Brother, every bit of our present moment is inseparable from cause and effect, including not only all things, but also all our thoughts and thoughts, all of which are in line with the cause and effect of the moment. Cause and effect run through the three lifetimes, and if we don't understand the law of cause and effect, we tend to blindly create a lot of negative karma.

When you create negative karma, you don't feel anything, and when you receive the retribution, you cry and howl, but it doesn't help. It's like a woman who is about to give birth and doesn't want to bear the pain of giving birth, there is no way. Ordinary people can't have cause and effect, only Buddhas and Bodhisattvas have access to cause and effect.

Therefore, it is said that the bodhisattva is afraid of the cause, and the ordinary man is afraid of the effect.

Senior brother, since we have our hearts set on cultivating, we must always observe our own body and mind, and whether greed, hatred, ignorance, slowness, doubt, and so on arise. When we discover these habits in the bits and pieces of our lives, we become vigilant, and gradually we will no longer be led by them, and we will create immeasurable negative karma for ourselves. The consequences of nature will gradually decrease.

We can also use the compassion and wish of the Buddhas and Bodhisattvas to chant many sutras and chant mantras, and slowly experience the profound Buddha's teachings, which will help us eliminate karmic obstacles and increase our blessings!

In addition, Senior Brother, we must also understand that the negative karma we have created by our immeasurable eons is immeasurable. Some of the evil consequences and consequences created in the past life must also have the courage to bear them, so that they can truly let go and be truly calm in their hearts. When the mind is truly peaceful, it will gradually move away from all separate trade-offs and gradually move towards the path of true liberation, and fundamentally eradicate the root of troubles and suffering!

Bodhisattvas fear causes, and sentient beings fear results. The first is to understand cause and effect, and secondly, to start with cause and change the effect you don't want to see, which is Buddhism. Thirdly, the Buddhist method is to listen and meditate, and I think this is not only suitable for practice, but also for improving our own lives.

Nan no Amitabha, rejoice in your merits, everything you can see and hear is the Dharma.

The appearance of the external environment is the manifestation of good and evil in one's own mind, and being able to perceive the right and wrong of others is the manifestation of one's own good and evil, indicating that there is good to learn and complete; If there is evil, we must break it, we must practice, don't think that only the birds of the Elysian World can speak the Dharma, the mountains and rivers, everything, and all people and things in the world of Sabo are to speak the Dharma, all of them are opening the Bodhisattva's wisdom to us, they are all showing us the supreme blessed field, and they are all Buddhas and Bodhisattvas giving us empowerment and blessings.

Good seeds don't have to be the rewards of entities that you can see and touch, good seeds may be a wonderful thing that determines your life, destiny and future in your next life, as the saying goes: good is rewarded with good, evil is rewarded with evil. The good deeds you do in this life may not be immediately fruitful.

Also, doing good deeds is not done to give something in return, but only to help others. As long as you cultivate your body and mind, you will be able to resist the seven emotions and six desires in your life, and let yourself truly cultivate the realm of Buddhahood, and you will no longer suffer from reincarnation in the Six Realms in your next life, and you will directly ascend to the Buddha realm. I hope you succeed soon.

Why are there no seeds?

Worshipping the Buddha is to strengthen your inner belief in taking refuge in the Buddha, and it is also to bless yourself not to forget the Buddha and Bodhisattva. If you keep worshipping the Buddha with this seed of good roots, then you will not retreat from the path of cultivation, and the retribution will be much stronger than that of those who do not believe in the Buddha. Strong in the blessing of Buddha power bless you!

Although you don't feel anything every day, there are Buddhas and Bodhisattvas in the underworld who arrange your spiritual path for you, and everything in life will make you auspicious when you encounter difficulties, turn evil into good fortune, and gradually be able to keep the precepts and embark on a higher path of cultivation. How is it not a good fruit? Why isn't this good fruit the seed of your daily worship of the Buddha – the Buddha, the Buddha?

Release, your heart is very merciful, help! Think about how grateful you are if you are slaughtered, someone spends money to ransom you, and you are spared the sword robbery! Isn't it?

So, the animals are grateful to you too! Then the god who records the good and evil deeds of our mortals will record the good deeds you release every day in his record book, and arrange them for your future blessings! It's just that good deeds are rewarded, and the time has not yet come!

But when you release your life, you are paying off the debt of killing your life for the rest of your life! You will be spared many evil retributions of sickness and suffering! The merit of releasing life has eliminated the suffering and short-lived retribution of illness!

How come there is no good result? Aren't they all good retribution for the good causes of releasing life?

Charity, the Buddha said wealth. Guarantee that you will have no worries about food and clothing for a lifetime. The fruit of this kind and generous spiritual seed in the future is that there will be no shortage of food and clothing!

And the good thing you do is to keep your humanity intact! Then your good fruit is not to fall into the evil way.