How to convert internal energy into electrical energy, and how to convert light energy into electric

On the first floor, "Solar cells convert stored internal energy into electricity. "Yes, solar cells convert light energy into electricity.

Nei Neng is very intuitive to talk about temperature. The higher the temperature of the same object, the greater its internal energy. Thermal power plants first convert the chemical energy of fuel into the internal energy of water, then convert the internal energy of water into the kinetic energy of generators, and finally convert it into electrical energy.

This is very simple, some materials have their atom outermost electrons are easily separated, as long as it absorbs a specific wavelength of photons, it will break away from the atom to form free electrons, and then form an electric current.

Shikamaru Aki is correct in defining internal energy, but normally, the molecular potential energy of the same object is only a few tens of thousandths of the molecular kinetic energy. Therefore, in general, the potential energy of the molecule is not included in the calculation of the internal energy of the molecule (which can be ignored).

En batteries are a good example. Chemical energy also belongs to internal energy.

Solar cells convert the stored internal energy into electricity.

The new type of generator is called ferrofluid generator, which can directly convert the internal energy of the gas into electrical energy.

I'm Shikamaru Aki, and I'd like to ask how the SHK993 battery stores light energy in the battery, and what is the internal energy to add.

Internal energy: The sum of the kinetic energy and the potential energy of the molecules due to the irregular movement of a large number of molecules inside the object.

OK.

In 1821, the German Seebeck discovered that if there is a temperature difference between the two joints in a circuit composed of two different metals (antimony and copper), a magnetic field will appear around them, and further experiments found that there is an electromotive force in the circuit. The discovery of this effect laid the foundation for the production of thermocouples, thermoelectric differential power generation and thermoelectric sensors.

Thermoelectric conversion materials directly convert heat energy into electrical energy, which is an all-solid-state energy conversion method without chemical reaction or fluid medium, so it has the advantages of no noise, no wear, no medium leakage, small size, light weight, easy to move, long service life and other advantages in the process of power generation, and has an "irreplaceable" status in special applications such as military batteries, long-range space detectors, long-distance communication and navigation, and microelectronics.

When one end of two different types of thermoelectric conversion materials N and P are combined and placed at high temperature, and the other end is open and given low temperature, due to the strong thermal excitation effect at the high temperature end, the hole and electron concentration are also higher than those at the low temperature end, driven by this carrier concentration gradient, the holes and electrons diffuse to the low temperature end, thus forming a potential difference at the low temperature open end. If many pairs of p-type and n-type thermoelectric conversion materials are connected together to form a module, a high enough voltage can be obtained to form a thermoelectric generator.

Various energies can be converted into each other, as long as certain conditions are given. Definition of electrical energy: Electrical energy refers to the ability to use electricity to do work (i.e., produce energy) in various forms.

You can understand it figuratively: the wire will heat up after being energized, which is the internal energy that the electrical energy is converted into the wire.

OK. OK.

OK. OK.

OK. OK.

Generally, it is required to be set up on the ground, so that it is easy to manage, including safety management and equipment management, but it will occupy the saleable area and reduce the value of the commodity, so many real estate projects want to be set up underground, not occupying the floor area ratio and saleable area, but this will increase the communication with the power bureau.

Photocells, also known as solar cells, directly convert sunlight into electricity. Therefore, the characteristic of photocells is that they can convert the large amount of light energy absorbed by the earth from solar radiation into electricity.

A photocell is a semiconductor element that generates an electromotive force when irradiated by light. There are many types of photocells, commonly used selenium photocells, silicon photocells, thallium sulfide, silver sulfide photocells, etc. This type of photocell is also called a solar cell.

Solar cells are widely used as energy sources in artificial satellites, lighthouses, unmanned weather stations, etc.

A photocell is a special semiconductor diode that converts visible light into direct current. Some photocells can also convert infrared and ultraviolet light into direct current. There are two basic types of semiconductor materials, which are called electropositive and electronegative.

In a PV battery, sheets of these materials are placed together, and the actual junction between them is called the P-N section. In this way, the p-n section is exposed to visible, infrared or ultraviolet light, and when the rays hit the p-n section, a voltage is generated on both sides of the p-n section, so that an electric current passes between the electrodes connected to the p-type material and the n-type material. A set of PV cells can be connected together to form a solar module, row or panel.

Photocells, also known as solar cells, directly convert sunlight into electricity. Therefore, the characteristic of photocells is that they can convert the large amount of light energy absorbed by the earth from solar radiation into electricity.

The only difference between them is the place where they are installed:

1. Substation refers to the place where voltage and current are transformed, electric energy is accepted and distributed in the power system. The substation inside the power plant is a step-up substation, which is used to boost the electrical energy from the generator and feed it into the high-voltage grid.

2. Transformer is a device that uses the principle of electromagnetic induction to change the AC voltage, and the main components are the primary coil, the secondary coil and the iron core (magnetic core). The main functions are: voltage conversion, current conversion, impedance conversion, isolation, voltage regulation (magnetic saturation transformer), etc.

3. Substation, as the name suggests, is a place to change voltage. It is a place where the voltage and current of electric energy are transformed, concentrated and distributed in the power system.

In order to ensure the quality of power and the safety of equipment, voltage regulation, power flow (flow direction and distribution of voltage, current and power in each node and branch of the power system) control and protection of transmission and distribution lines and main electrical equipment are also required in the substation.

The specific scale depends on the layout needs, and there are no hard and fast rules.

Substation and substation are actually the same thing, it is customary to say that the scale of substation may be larger, and transformer is an indispensable equipment for substation and substation. It's hard to say how big a place can accommodate the above three. It's up to you to build a substation.

In order to ensure that there is a reliable operation and maintenance power supply in the case of all power failures inside the substation, the transformer used in 35kV takes into account that the fuse is used as the main protection on the high-voltage side of the main transformer, so the protection setting of the main transformer is greatly simplified.

These should be determined based on the amount of electricity used, and the power source of the supplied equipment should be met.

Substation and substation are a place, transformer is a device of substation, substation can be divided into medium voltage substation (60 thousand volts and below), high-voltage substation (110 220 thousand volts), ultra-high voltage substation (330 765 thousand volts) and ultra-high voltage substation (1000 thousand volts and above) according to the voltage level. According to its position in the power system, it can be divided into hub substation, intermediate substation and terminal substation.

The substation is composed of the main wiring, the main transformer, the high and low voltage distribution device, the relay protection and control system, the electricity and DC system, the telecontrol and communication system, the necessary reactive power compensation device and the main control room. Among them, the main wiring, main transformer, high and low voltage distribution devices, etc. belong to the primary system; Relay protection and control systems, DC systems, telecontrol and communication systems belong to secondary systems.

The size of the substation depends on how big the substation you build.

1. The power generation major should go to the power generation company, and there are five large power generation companies in China, including Huaneng, Datang, Guodian, Huadian, and CLP, and there are many other small and medium-sized companies.

2. Transmission and transformation or distribution can only go to the power grid company, the power grid enterprise country has not been released, and it is still monopolized, only the State Grid Corporation and the Southern Power Grid Company, you can sign up online during the recruitment season to try, generally speaking, it is difficult to enter without a relationship.

What exactly do you want to do? This one is too big.

OK. Inverter corresponds to rectification, which is to turn direct current into alternating current. The inverter can convert the battery and battery into alternating current (generally 220V, 50Hz sine wave), which is composed of an inverter bridge, control logic and filter circuit.

According to the different AC side wiring, it is divided into: AC side is connected to the power grid, which is an active inverter. AC side load, passive inverter.

According to the different properties of the DC side power supply, it is divided into:

1. The DC side is the voltage source: the voltage inverter circuit, also known as the voltage source inverter circuit, the output voltage is a rectangular wave.

2. The DC side is the current source: the current inverter circuit, also known as the current source inverter circuit, the output current is a rectangular wave.

Alternating current becomes direct current when it passes through a rectifier circuit. Direct current can be turned into alternating current through an oscillation circuit (e.g. UPS power supply). The change of direct current into alternating current is called inverter.

An inverter is an electronic device that transforms DC to AC with electronic components. Generally, a semiconductor triode can be used to switch DC on. It's actually an oscillator.

Thyristors are also available. Its effect is the opposite of that of bridge stack rectification. But the electronic components used are different.

Changing AC to DC is called rectification. Rectifier circuits mainly use diodes.

1. Use DC power supply to drive DC motor - mechanical transmission to alternator to generate alternating current; This is one of the oldest methods, but it is still in use today, and is characterized by low cost and easy maintenance. It is still used in high-power conversion;

2. Use an oscillator (that is, the inverter on the current market; This is a relatively advanced method, with high cost, and is mostly used for low-power conversion;

3. The principle of mechanical oscillator converter is to make the DC current intermittent, and after passing through the transformer, it can output alternating current in the secondary stage of the transformer, which is a relatively old method, which has basically been eliminated.

1. Ventilation ducts are required in all substations for the following reasons:

1 The transformer will generate heat and need to be ventilated for heat dissipation.

2. It is necessary to maintain the humidity inside the substation and discharge moisture.

3 There is a need to maintain a suitable working environment for staff.

Therefore, ventilation ducts are required in the substation.