The exploration of the way out of modernization by advanced people in modern China

Summary: Because the society was corrupt and incompetent by the Qing Dynasty at that time, the Western powers took the opportunity to set off a frenzy of aggression against China, the national crisis in China became increasingly serious, and the crisis of feudal rule also deepened step by step, and the advanced Chinese began to explore the question of what road to use to save China.

The exploration of modernization is the process of modern progressive Chinese learning from the West, from the foreign affairs movement.

Learn the technique and get to the law.

and the Xinhai Revolution learning system, and then to the New Culture Movement.

Learn about ideology and culture. It includes economic industrialization, political uproar, democratization, rule of law, ideological and cultural modernization, and advancement. From economic change to political change to ideological and cultural change, it has progressed step by step, from the surface to the cover, and gradually deepened.

Explore Modernized Content:"Self-improvement" in the early stage: the establishment of military industries: Anqing Arsenal Institute, Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau, Fuzhou Shipbuilding Bureau, Tianjin Machinery Manufacturing Bureau.

Later "Seeking Wealth": Founding of Civil Industry: Steamship China Merchants Bureau.

Kaiping Coal Mine, Hanyang Iron Works, Hubei Weaving Layout.

Founded the modern navy: Beiyang Naval Division.

Nanyang Naval Division, Fujian Naval Division.

Establishment of modern education: Establishment of the Jingshi Tongwen Museum.

Sending international students abroad.

Because China was poor and backward at that time, people with lofty ideals used various methods and carried out various experiments to seek a way to become rich and strong.

The reason why the advanced Chinese in modern times frequently explore modernization is the Chinese desire to complete national independence and make the country rich and strong.

1. Initial stage (1840-1895).

It was mainly the Westernization movement led by the landlord class. In the early stage of the Westernization Movement, under the banner of "self-improvement", a number of modern military enterprises were established. In the later period, under the banner of "seeking wealth", a number of civilian industries were established.

At the same time, due to the needs of the Westernization Movement, modernization began to gradually penetrate from the economic field to the fields of science, technology, culture, and personnel education.

With the fiasco of the First Sino-Japanese War, it shows that the modernization exploration of the Qing Dynasty represented by the Westernization Movement failed.

Stage characteristics: the landlord class Westernists took on the leading role in the task of modernization; The field is mainly in the field of economics, learning advanced Western technology.

2. Overall development stage (1895-1919).

The study of the advanced science and technology culture of the West is organically combined with the reform of the social system, and modernization is comprehensive in the economic, political, and cultural fields.

Characteristics of the stage: The backbone of the modernization task in this stage is the bourgeoisie; The most prominent areas are in the political sphere; Economically, the national industry has developed greatly; Ideologically and culturally, the concept of democracy and republic is deeply rooted in the hearts of the people.

3. The tortuous forward stage (1919 1949).

In the extremely acute and complicated historical environment of the class struggle and the national struggle, modernization has been carried out with great difficulty, and at the same time, new connotations have been added.

Stage characteristics: The proletariat began to undertake the task of China's modernization, and China's modernization entered a new stage of development.

4. Take-off stage (1949 to the present).

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Communist Party of China led the people to explore the road of socialist construction, and after twists and turns, they finally found a correct road for building socialism with Chinese characteristics. China's modernization has entered a stage of rapid development.

Stage characteristics: China is moving forward healthily along the road of building socialist modernization with Chinese characteristics.

Well, first of all, Zhang Zhidong, the representative of the exploration of the Westernization School, followed by the Wuxu Reform, he did not have Liang Qichao, and then the next name New Culture Movement.

Contemporary college students should take the great cause of national rejuvenation as their own responsibility, set lofty goals, have patriotic enthusiasm, have a strong sense of social responsibility and mission, adhere to the leadership of the Communist Party of China, strive to learn scientific and cultural knowledge, have great aspirations to serve the country, and strive to realize the great dream of a strong China.

Life in the world is like a white horse over the knee suddenly.

Connection: From the exploration to the gradual clarity, from the utensils to the system to the change of thought, gradually more deeply understand the current situation of China, and the relationship between them is layer by layer.

Differences: 1. The class interests represented are different: the Westernization Movement represents the interests of the feudal landlord class, the Hundred Days Restoration represents the interests of the royalists, the Xinhai Revolution represents the interests of the bourgeoisie, and the New Democratic Revolution represents the interests of the proletariat.

2. The purpose of exploration is different: the purpose of the Westernization Movement is to maintain feudal rule, the Hundred Days Restoration is to realize a constitutional monarchy, the Xinhai Revolution is to establish a bourgeois democratic republic, and the New Democratic Revolution is to build socialism.

3. The enemies opposed are different: the Westernization Movement was mainly to oppose imperialism, the Hundred Days Restoration was to oppose feudal landlords and imperialism, the Xinhai Revolution was to oppose the feudal system and imperialism, and the New Democratic Revolution was to oppose all exploiting classes, including the bureaucratic bourgeoisie.

Contact: Proceeding from China's national conditions, we all hope that China can "master the skills of the Qing Dynasty to control the country", oppose foreign aggression, overthrow the Qing Dynasty, and establish a capitalist society.

Differences: From exploration to gradual clarity, from artifacts to systems to ideological changes, gradually more deeply understand the current situation of China, and more in line with the national conditions, closer to reality. At the beginning, he began to translate foreign famous books, began to learn the advanced foreign mode of production "self-improvement and prosperity", and finally learned the advanced ideas and culture of the West, such as the New Culture Movement, which advocated vernacular writing, and Sun Yat-sen abolished bad habits.

It started with the Westernization Movement, then moved on to politics (the Wuxu Reform, the Xinhai Revolution) and finally to the ideological realm (the New Culture Movement).Every time it is more thorough than the last.

The Westernization Movement, also known as the Self-Help Movement and the Self-Improvement Movement. This movement was a "self-improvement" and "wealth-seeking" movement carried out by the Westernists in the 60s and 90s of the 19th century to introduce Western military equipment, machine production and science and technology to maintain feudal rule. It did not make China rich and strong, but the Westernization Movement introduced advanced science and technology from the West, which led to the emergence of the first batch of modern enterprises in China, which objectively played a role in promoting the emergence and development of China's national capitalism and opened up the way for China's modernization.

Slogan: Master Yi long skills to control the razor.

The Wuxu Reform, also known as the Hundred Days Restoration, refers to the political reform movement from June to September 21, 1898, when the bourgeois reformists with Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao as the main leading figures advocated learning from the West, advocating science and culture, reforming the political and educational systems, and developing agriculture, industry, and commerce through the Guangxu Emperor. On September 21, 1898, the Empress Dowager Cixi and others launched a coup d'état, Emperor Guangxu was imprisoned in Yingtai, Zhongnanhai, Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao of the reform faction fled to France and Japan respectively, Tan Sitong, Kang Guangren, Lin Xu, Yang Shenxiu, Yang Rui, and Liu Guangdi, a total of 6 people were killed, and the reform failed, which lasted 103 days.

The Wuxu Reform Law was an important political reform in China's modern history, and it was also an ideological enlightenment movement, which promoted the emancipation of the mind, played an important role in promoting social progress, ideological and cultural development, and promoting the progress of modern Chinese society.

The New Culture Movement was an ideological and cultural innovation and literary revolution movement initiated by Hu Shi, Chen Duxiu, Lu Xun, Qian Xuantong, Li Dazhao and other Western-educated people (then called new-style education) before and after the outbreak of the May Fourth Movement in 1919. In 1915, Chen Duxiu published an article in his editor-in-chief, New Youth (formerly known as Youth Magazine), advocating democracy and science (formerly known as "Mr. De" and "Mr. Sai"). This movement dealt a heavy blow to the traditional rituals and religions that had ruled China for more than 2,000 years, inspired people's democratic consciousness, promoted the development of modern science in China, and laid the ideological foundation for the spread of Marxism in China and the outbreak of the May Fourth Patriotic Movement.

Since the New Culture Movement was completely anti-blockade and classified all classical Chinese culture into the ranks of "anti-corruption", the New Culture Movement was also the beginning of the decline of Chinese classical culture.

China yearns for and respects Western modern technology, but while introducing Western modern technology, it has always been very cautious about the dissemination of political systems and ideological fields, whether it is from the Westernization Movement or the reform and opening up since 89 years, it is eager to introduce Western technology and capital, develop its own strength, and improve its comprehensive national strength, and at the same time it is politically conservative and very sensitive to the Western political system, forming a unique economic and technological opening up and reform, and the unique phenomenon of political conservatism is in sharp contrast to Japan's "separation from Asia and entry into Europe" in the same period.